긍정심리학의 응용을 통한 인사조직연구의 새로운 접근 = A New Approach to Management Studies：Application of Positive Psychology

국문 초록 (Abstract)

최근 심리학에 도입된 긍정심리학(Positive Psychology)의 흐름은 사람의 긍정적인 경험, 특성, 그리고 태도가 개인적인 삶의 과정뿐만 아니라 조직에도 영향을 줄 수 있음을 시사한다. 조직연구 분야에서도 그 응용이 시작된 긍정심리학은 전환기의 조직 운영과 관리에 대한 새로운 접근법으로서 이론 및 실천적으로 큰 활력과 시사점을 지닐 것으로 생각된다. 인사조직분야에서의 긍정심리학의 응용 및 적용에 기여하고자 하는 본 연구의 목적은 구체적으로 다음과 같다. 첫째, 긍정 심리학과 이에 바탕을 둔 긍정조직행동 접근법을 소개하고 현재까지의 연구 성과를 개괄한다. 둘째, 조직 맥락에서 긍정심리학의 응용을 인사조직분야에서 이론적ㆍ실천적으로 심화ㆍ발전시킬 수 있는 방안에 대하여 제언한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The emerging positive psychology movement has attracted increasing attention and interest from a variety of related fields. Whereas traditional psychology has been focused excessively on negative aspects of people, positive psychology aims to contribute to more comprehensive understanding of human behavior by shifting research focus away from what is wrong with people to what is right with people. It recognizes the need for a more balanced approach that takes into consideration both the positive and the negative. On the basis of the notion that individuals’ positive experiences and attitudes are likely to have impact not only on their personal lives but also on their work lives, the field of organizational behavior started to embrace the
positive psychology movement, developing a positive approach to organizational behavior：positive organizational behavior (POB).
Today’s work environment is typically characterized by the increased levels of economic uncertainty, task complexity, globalized competition, and technological challenges. We believe that POB can play a meaningful role in understanding organizational behavior in the face of such a turbulent environment, by paying more attention to people’s strengths and psychological capabilities (rather than to employee dysfunctions and managerial problems) and thus providing a proactive positive approach to employee motivation and behavior.
The purpose of this article is to introduce positive psychology and POB to researchers and practitioners in Korea, review key findings so far, and discuss the implications for future research. Specifically, the contribution of this article is threefold. First, we reviewed positive psychology literature, summarizing its emergence and development. We discussed the meaning of positive psychology, its differences from existing psychological tradition, its aim, and the recent movement in it.
Second, we reviewed POB as an application of positive psychology to the field of management and organizational behavior. POB is defined as “the study and application of positively oriented human resource strengths and psychological capacities that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for performance improvement in today’s workplace” (Luthans, 2002b, p. 59). While POB is rooted in positively psychology, it has more specific inclusion criteria. To be included in POB, the construct of interest must not only be a positive psychological variable but also be grounded in sound theory and research, have valid measures, and be state-like and therefore open to development for performance improvement (Luthans, 2002a). To date, the positive psychological constructs best meeting these criteria include self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resiliency (Luthans & Youssef, 2007). We reviewed key research findings regarding each of these constructs in light of POB perspective.
Third, we discussed the implications and limitations of POB. On the basis of literature review, we identified several promising research areas to which the above mentioned POB variables can be applied directly or indirectly. For example, despite their face potentiality, POB variables have been largely ignored in leadership literature. However, we notice that trait approach of leadership considers self-confidence and tenacity to hardship key leadership traits. Also, Superleadership theory emphasizes that leaders should encourage their followers’ positive thinking pattern. We suggest that leader’s self-efficacy or inspiration of transformational leadership is likely to enhance followers’ positive psychological states as well as leadership effectiveness. As for research on decision-making, we expect some POB variables (e.g., optimism or hope) to moderate the occurrence and/or magnitude of decision-making bias such as self-fulfilling prophecy, escalation of commitment, and confirmation bias. In negotiation, there exists a long tradition to study individual characteristics as

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 초록
• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 긍정심리학
• Ⅲ. 긍정심리학과 조직연구
• Ⅳ. 인사조직분야의 적용과 연구과제
• V. 한계와 제언
• 참고문헌
• ABSTRACT

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이지영, "조직에서의 긍정 심리학의 적용: 긍정 조직학의 현주소와 지향점" 한국산업및조직심리학회 21 (21): 677-703, 2008

2 박오수, "조직세대 구분과 조직세대 별 문화적 특성에 관한 연구" 한국인사조직학회 9 (9): 43-81, 2001

3 이희경, "긍정심리학적 인간이해와 변화" 인간학연구소 1 (1): 16-43, 2007

4 권석만, "긍정심리학" 학지사 2008

5 Park, N, "Virtues and Organizations in Positive organizational scholarship : Foundations of a new discipline" Berrett-Koehler 33-47, 2003

6 Jackson, S. E, "Understanding human resource management in the context of organizations and their environments" 46 : 237-264, 1995

7 Youssef, C. M, "Time for positivity in the Middle East: Developing hopeful Egyptian organizational leaders in Advances in global leadership" Elsevier Science/JAI 283-297, 2006

8 Luthans, F, "The “point” of positive organizational behavior" 30 : 291-307, 2009

9 Reivich, K, "The resilience factor : 7 essential skills for overcoming life’s inevitable obstacles" Random House 2002

10 Dutton, J. E, "The power of high-quality connections in Positive organizational scholarship : Foundations of a new discipline" Berrett- Koehler 263-278, 2003

11 Peterson, S. J, "The positive impact and development of hopeful leaders" 24 : 26-31, 2003

12 Manz, C. C, "The new SuperLeadership: Leading others to lead themselves" Prentice-Hall 2001

13 Held, B. S, "The negative side of positive psychology" 44 : 9-46, 2004

14 Luthans, F, "The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior" 695-706, 2002a

15 Huselid, M. A, "The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance" 38 : 635-672, 1995

16 Jensen, S. M, "The impact of hope in the entrepreneurial process : Exploratory research findings" 2002

17 Luthans, F, "The impact of efficacy on work attitudes across cultures" 41 : 121-132, 2006

18 Pfeffer, J, "The human equation: Building profits by putting people first" Harvard Business School Press 1998

19 Magaletta, P. R, "The hope construct, will, and ways: Their relations with efficacy, optimism, and general well-being" 55 : 539-551, 1999

20 Collins, D. R, "The effects of feedback self-consistency, therapist status, and attitude toward therapy on reaction to personality feedback" 146 (146): 463-483, 2006

21 Bottom, W. P, "The asymmetric cost of judgment errors in distributive bargaining" 8 : 349-364, 1999

22 Mount, M. K, "The Big Five personality dimensions: Implications for research and practice in human resources management" 13 : 152-200, 1995

23 Barrick, M. R, "The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis" 44 : 1-26, 1991

24 Bandura, A, "Social foundations of thought and action : A social cognitive theory" Prentice Hall 1986

25 Bandura, A, "Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective" 52 : 1-26, 2001

26 Stajkovic, A. D, "Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: Going beyond traditional motivational and behavioral approaches" 26 : 62-74, 1998b

27 Stajkovic, A. D, "Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis" 124 : 240-261, 1998a

28 Bandura, A, "Self-efficacy : The exercise of control" Freeman 1997

29 Gersick C. J. G, "Revolutionary change theories: a multilevel exploration of the punctuated equilibrium paradigm" 16 : 10-36, 1991

30 Judge, T. A, "Relationship of core self-evaluations traits-selfesteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stabilitywith job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis" 86 : 80-92, 2001

31 Erez, A, "Relationship of core self-evaluations to goal setting, motivation, and performance" 86 : 1270-1279, 2001

32 Onwuegbuzie, A. J, "Relations between hope and graduate students’ coping strategies for studying and examination taking" 86 : 803-806, 2000

33 Bandura. A, "Psychology is not destiny; Social scientist swims against the tide of negativity" Stanford University 2002

34 Linley, P, "Positive psychology in practice" John Wiley 2004

35 Giacalone, R. A, "Positive psychology in business ethics and corporate social responsibility" Information Age 2005

36 Seligman, M. E. P, "Positive psychology" 55 : 5-14, 2000

37 Lopez, S, "Positive psychological assessment : A handbook of models and measures"

38 Weick, K. E, "Positive organizing and organizational tragedy in Positive organizational scholarship : Foundations of a new discipline" Berrett- Koehler 66-80, 2003

39 George, J. M, "Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline" 49 : 325-330, 2004

40 Caza, B. B, "Positive organizational scholarship: A critical theory perspective" 17 : 21-33, 2008

41 Cameron, K. S, "Positive organizational scholarship" Berrett-Koehler 2003

42 Luthans, F, "Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths" 16 (16): 57-72, 2002b

43 Youssef, C. M, "Positive organizational behavior in the workplace: The impact of hope, optimism, and resilience" 33 : 774-800, 2007

44 Luthans, F, "Positive organizational behavior (POB): Implications for leadership and HR development and motivation in Motivation and leadership at work" McGraw-Hill/Irwin 187-195, 2003

45 Luthans, F, "Positive approach to leadership (PAL): Implications for today’s organizations" 8 (8): 3-20, 2001

46 Bagozzi, R. P, "Positive and negative emotions in organizations in Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline" Berrett- Koehler 176-193, 2003

47 Diener, E, "Personality, culture, and subjective wellbeing: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life" 54 : 403-425, 2003

48 Ozer, D. J, "Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes" 57 : 401-421, 2006

49 Peterson, C, "Personal control and well-being in Well-being : The foundations of hedonic psychology" Russell Sage 288-301, 1999

50 Sutcliffe, K. M, "Organizing for resilience in Positive organizational scholarship" Berrett-Koehler 94-110, 2003

51 Cameron, K. S, "Organizational virtuousness and performance in Positive organizational scholarship : Foundations of a new discipline" Berrett-Koehler 48-65, 2003

52 Weick, K. E, "Organizational change and development" 50 : 361-386, 1999

53 Masten, A. S, "Ordinary magic: Resilience process in development" 56 : 227-239, 2001

54 Peterson, C, "Optimistic explanatory style in Handbook of positive psychology" Oxford University Press 244-256, 2002

55 Carver, C, "Optimism in Handbook of positive psychology" 231-243, 2002

56 Wunderley, L. J, "Optimism and pessimism in business leaders" 28 : 751-760, 1998

57 Fineman, S, "On being positive: Concerns and counterpoints" 31 : 270-291, 2006

58 Veninga, R. L, "Managing hope in the workplace: Five simple strategies can help transform organizations" 81 : 22-24, 2000

59 Snyder, C. R, "Managing for high hope" 4 (4): 6-7, 1995b

60 Cameron, K. S, "Making the impossible possible" Berrett-Koehler 2006

61 Bonanno, G. A, "Loss, trauma and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?" 59 : 20-28, 2004

62 Seligman, M. E. P, "Learned optimism" Pocket Books 1998

63 Kirkpatrick, S, "Leadership: Do traits matter?" 5 : 48-60, 1991

64 Argyris, C, "Knowledge for action" Jossey-Bass Publishers 1993

65 Schneider, S. L, "In search of realistic optimism" 56 : 250-263, 2001

66 Coutu, D. L, "How resilience works" 80 : 46-55, 2002

67 Luthans, F, "Hope: A new positive strength for human resource development" 1 : 304-322, 2002

68 Range, L, "Hope, hopelessness and suicidality in college students" 75 : 456-458, 1994

69 Erickson, R. C, "Hope as a psychiatric variable" 31 : 324-330, 1975

70 Kwon, P, "Hope and dysphoria: The moderating role of defense mechanisms" 68 : 199-223, 2000

71 O’Reilly, C. A., Ⅲ, "Hidden value: How great companies achieve extraordinary results with ordinary people" Harvard Business School Press 2000

72 Seligman, M, "Helplessness : On depression, development, and death" Freeman 1992

73 Snyder, C. R, "Handbook of positive psychology" Oxford University Press 2002

74 Stogdill, R. M, "Handbook of leadership : A survey of the literature" Free Press 1974

75 Snyder, C. R, "Handbook of hope" Academic Press 2000

76 Bass, B. M, "From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision" 19 : 19-31, 1990

77 Pratt, M. G, "Fostering meaningfulness in working and at work in Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline" Berrett-Koehler 309-327, 2003

78 Ryff, C, "Flourishing under fire: Resilience as a prototype of challenged thriving in Flourishing : Positive psychology and the life well-lived"

79 Keyes, C, "Flourishing : Positive psychology and the life well-lived"

80 Cameron, K. S, "Exploring the relationships between organizational virtuousness and performance" 47 : 766-790, 2004

81 Seligman, M. E. P, "Explanatory style as a predictor of productivity and quitting among life insurance sales agents" 50 : 832-838, 1986

82 Judge, T. A, "Emotional stability, core self-evaluations, and job outcomes: A review of the evidence and an agenda for future research" 17 : 325-346, 2004

83 Luthans, F, "Emerging positive organizational behavior" 33 : 321-349, 2007

84 Gist, M. E, "Effects of self-efficacy and post-training intervention on the acquisition and maintenance of complex interpersonal skills" 44 : 837-861, 1991

85 Scheier, M, "Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update" 16 : 201-228, 1992

86 Hermann, M. G, "Effects of negotiators’ personalities on negotiating behavior in Negotiators: Social-psychological perspectives" Sage 247-274, 1977

87 Bryant, F. B, "Distinguishing hope and optimism" 23 : 273-302, 2004

88 Scheier, M, "Dispositional optimism and physical well-being: The influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health" 55 : 169-210, 1987

89 Chemers, M. M, "Dispositional affect and leadership effectiveness: A comparison of self-esteem, optimism, and efficacy" 26 : 267-277, 2000

90 Stajkovic, A D, "Development of a core confidence-higher order construct" 91 : 1208-1224, 2006

91 Snyder, C. R, "Development and validation of the state hope scale" 70 : 321-335, 1996

92 Wagnild, G, "Development and psychometric evaluation of the resiliency scale" 1 (1): 165-178, 1993

93 May, D, "Developing the moral component of authentic leadership" 32 : 247-260, 2003

94 Bandura, A, "Cultivate self-efficacy for personal and organizational effectiveness in Handbook of principles of organizational behavior" Blackwell 120-136, 2000

95 Tierney, P, "Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance" 45 : 1137-1148, 2002

96 Cameron, K. S, "Contribution to the discipline of positive organizational scholarship" 47 : 731-739, 2004

97 Carifio, J, "Construct validities and the empirical relationships between optimism, hope, self-efficacy, and locus of control" 19 : 125-136, 2002

98 Snyder, C. R, "Conceptualizing, measuring, and nurturing hope" 73 : 355-360, 1995a

99 Peterson, C, "Character strengths and virtues : A handbook and classification" Oxford University Press 2004

100 Barry, B, "Bargainer characteristics in distributive and integrative negotiation" 74 : 345-359, 1998

101 Luthans, F, "Authentic leadership: A positive development approach in Positive organizational scholarship" Berrett-Koehler 241-258, 2003

102 Seligman, M. E. P, "Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment" Free Press 2002

103 Schulman, P, "Applying learned optimism to increase sales productivity" 19 : 31-37, 1999

104 Takeuchi, R, "An empirical examination of the mechanisms mediating between high performance work systems and the performance of Japanese organizations" 92 : 1069-1083, 2007

105 Alexander, J, "An assessment of selected relationships in a model of the industrial marketing negotiation process" 14 : 25-39, 1994

106 Youssef, C. M, "A positive organizational behavior approach to ethical performance in Positive psychology in business ethics and corporate social responsibility" Information Age 1-22, 2005