Foldable structures provide a powerful framework for designing advanced robotic systems by harnessing complex nonlinear mechanics. By encoding geometric intelligence into planar materials using patterns of folds and cuts, complex functions can be achi...
Foldable structures provide a powerful framework for designing advanced robotic systems by harnessing complex nonlinear mechanics. By encoding geometric intelligence into planar materials using patterns of folds and cuts, complex functions can be achieved with minimal actuation. This approach directly addresses a central challenge in soft robotics: translating material compliance into predictable, high-performance functionality, while also overcoming the fundamental limitations of traditional rigid robots, which are unsuitable for unstructured, real-world applications. This thesis explores two design strategies for foldable robots: using folds and cuts in rigid sheets for versatile movement, and using local folds in flexible sheets for efficient locomotion based on structural asymmetry.
First, we introduce a hybrid fold-cut structure by harnessing the principles of ancient paper arts origami and kirigami. Our ori-kirigami design overcomes the monotonous morphing pathways of conventional approaches and the system complexity of recent multi-morphing designs. By arranging fold and cut patterns into a 2D tessellation, the resulting ori-kirigami structure gains multiple morphing pathways and tunable stiffness. We analyze the geometry and mechanics of this structure using theoretical modeling and experiments with paper prototypes. Leveraging these properties, we present a multimodal soft robot capable of passing through confined gaps and manipulating obstacles. This research offers a robust and scalable pathway for creating adaptive morphing machines that can operate in intricate environments, from disaster areas to the human body.
Second, we investigate local fold-induced asymmetry in flexible sheets to create a highly effective, monolithic soft amphibious propulsor. This simple geometric feature induces an anisotropic rigidity, enabling a high-drag power stroke and a low-drag recovery stroke. We systematically characterize its dynamic behavior in an aquatic environment and identify three distinct operating regimes: stiffening, asymmetric buckling, and flopping. Through scaling analysis, we develop a regime map to predict the transitions between these regimes based on the paddle's geometry, material properties, and paddling speed. Importantly, we find that propulsive efficiency is maximized precisely at the transition boundary between the optimal asymmetric buckling regime and the flopping regime. Furthermore, we adapt this same asymmetric principle to terrestrial locomotion, demonstrating a stable, friction-based gait. We characterize locomotive stall caused by buckling at excessive stroke conditions and present a theoretical model that accurately predicts its onset. This work provides a design framework for simple, resilient, and versatile amphibious robots based on harnessing the folded geometry and its nonlinear mechanics to drive multi-terrain robotic locomotion.
Throughout both studies, this thesis establishes comprehensive design principles, analytical models, and experimental validations for functionally harnessing the nonlinear mechanical behavior of foldable structures as a toolkit for soft robotic design. This work provides a foundational set of strategies for developing robust, functional, and environmentally adaptive soft machines, thereby demonstrating the multidisciplinary potential of advanced soft robotics. Furthermore, this research is expected to contribute significantly to diverse engineering fields requiring high performance in unstructured environments, including medical robotics, disaster exploration, and aerospace structures.