바이오연료 산업에 대한 선진국의 지원정책과 WTO의 과제 = Government support for biofuel industry in the U.S. and the EU, and WTO's disciplines

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper analyzed the government support for biofuel industry in the U.S. and the EU. The results showed that the government support for biofuel industry such as subsidies, tariffs, and technical regulations and standards in the two countries has been distorting the international trade of biofuel, which is not consistent with WTO's rules. The results of this paper indicate that WTO, with a view to realizing fair trade of biofuel and achieving sustainability. has the problem to be solved. In the light of the results, two uncertainty exist surrounding international trade in biofuel, which are lack of formal classification and technical regulation and standard of biofuel at a global level. WTO, hence, should make efforts to reach a full international consensus on such issues, which are followings. First, WTO and WTO Secretariat should encourage WTO members to express their views with respect to classification of biofuel and try to take part in actively the process that WCO amend HS code, which will make the trade of biofuel more precise, more transparent, easier to implement and monitor, and less controversial. And then, WTO should make a contribution to reaching a full international consensus on such issues by establishing and operating the forum on sharing of the information, knowledges and experiences related to the transboundary trade of biofuel. That forum, especially, should be a key instrument for promoting a global discussion and consensus on not only the technical regulation and standard but also more comprehensive issues related to the international trade of biofuel.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 바이오연료, 특히 바이오디젤 및 에탄올 산업에 대한 미국과 EU의 정부지원정책을 살펴보고, 이에 대한 WTO 규범의 합치여부에 대한 분석을 토대로 바이오연료의 공정무역 실현을 위한 WTO의 과제를 모색하였다.
분석결과 바이오연료에 대한 제품분류와 기술규정 및 표준에 대한 국제적 합의 부재는 미국과 EU로 하여금 현행 WTO 규정을 자국의 이익을 확보하는데 용이한 방향으로 보조금, 관세와 기술장벽 정책을 수행할 수 있는 소지를 열어 주고 있다. 따라서 WTO는 제품분류와 기술규정 및 표준에 대한 국제적 합의 촉진에 노력을 경주해야 한다. 우선, 제품분류와 관련하여서는 WTO 회원국 간 바이오연료와 관련된 품목분류 개정에 대한 공감대 형성과 적극적인 의견 개진 등을 촉진함으로써 개정안의 마련과 그 이행과 관련된 불필요한 의견충돌과 갈등을 줄일 수 있도록 WTO와 WTO 사무국이 WCO HS 개정과정에 적극 참여하는 등의 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다. 다음으로 바이오연료와 관련된 정보, 지식 및 경험을 수집․분석하여 논의하는 다자포럼을 운영하여 국제적 차원의 합의를 촉진시키는데 기여하여야 한다. 특히, 이 포럼은 기술 규정 및 표준에 관한 문제뿐만 아니라 바이오연료와 관련된 포괄적인 문제에 대한 국제적 논의와 합의를 촉진시키는 중요한 매개역할을 원활히 수행하여야 할 것이다. 마지막으로 WTO는 ESSD를 고려한 공정무역의 실현에 대한 책임의식을 가지고 전 지구적 차원의 ESSD의 실현 노력에 부합하는 지원정책, 예를 들어 R&D, 인프라스트럭처의 개발과 같은 공공재적 성격의 조치와 환경적 외부성을 고려한 조치 등을 수용할 수 있고 공정무역을 보장하는 법적․제도적 기반을 마련하는데 적극적인 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 박지현, "주요 국별 농업보조금 현황 및 논의 전망" 20-30, 2004

2 최명주, "WTO 보조금 협정의 경제정책적 함의" 7 (7): 207-235, 1998

3 안덕근, "WTO 보조금 협정 연구"

4 Howse, R, "WTO disciplines and biofuels: opportunities and constraints in the creation of a global marketplace"

5 Kerr. W.A, "Trading biofuels-will international trade law be a constraint?" (6) : 50-62, 2005

6 FAO, "The state of food and agriculture(Biofuels: prospect, risks and opportunities) 2008"

7 Murphy,S., "The multilateral trade and investment context for biofuels: Issues and challenges. Minneapolis: International Institute for Environment and Development" London and Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy 2008

8 Yu,D, "The harmonized system-Amendments and their impact on WTO members' schedules" WTO 2008

9 Cramer, J, "Testing framework for sustainable biomass" Sustainable Production of Biomass 2007

10 Fbeny, J, "Synthesizing the biofuel policies of Europe" The Elliott School of International Affairs 2008

11 Steenblik,R, "Subsidies: The distorted economics of biofuels" OECD 2007

12 Lewandowskti, I, "Steps towards the development of a certification system for sustainable bioenergy trade" 30 (30): 83-104,

13 Florin, M.V, "Risk governance guidelines for bioenergy policies" 2008

14 WTO, "Report of the Panel, European Communities-Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products" WTO 2006

15 WTO, "Report o the Panel. EC-countervailing measures on DRAM Chips" WTO 2005

16 WTO, "Minutes of the special meeting held on 20 December 1999"

17 WTO, "Minutes of the regular meeting held on 1-2 November 1999"

18 Zarrilli,S, "Making certification work for sustainable development: The case of biofuels" UN 2008

19 Steenblik,R, "Liberalisation of trade in renewable energy and associated technologies: biodiesel, solar thermal and geothermal energy. Com/ENV/TD(2005)78/FINAL" OECD 2006

20 "Info sheets on the different aspects of the CAP reform: Aid for energy crops"

21 Umbach, G, "Global energy security and the implication for the EU" 2009

22 WTO, "European Communities-Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products" WTO 2001

23 Sugathan M, "Enhancing market access for biofuels: what role for environmental goods negotiations?" 2 (2): 8-, 2008

24 von Lampe,M, "Economic assessment of biofuel support policies" OECD 2008

25 Bendz,K, "EU25-Oilseeds and Products - Outlook for EU oilseed and biofuels" USDA Foreign Agriculture Service 2005

26 Jank, M.J, "EU and U.S. policies on biofuels: potential impacts on developing countries" The German Marshall Fund of the United States 2007

27 UNCTAD, "Challenges and opportunities for developing countries in producing biofuels"

28 International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, "Brazilian cotton dispute moves forward, biofuels may soon follow" 12 (12): 2008

29 Leturque,H, "Biofuels: Could the South benefit?"

30 Koplow,D, "Biofuels-at what cost? Government support for ethanol and biodisel in the United States: 2007 Update" International Institute for Sustainable Development 2007

31 Kutus, G, "Biofuels-at what cost? Government support for ethanol and biodiesel in the European Union" International Institute for Sustainable Development 2007

32 Stevens, C, "Biofuels and development: will the EU help or hinder?" Overseas Development Institute 2008

33 Yacobucci, B.D, "Biofuels Incentives: A summary of federal programs" Congressional Research Service 2008

34 Mathews,J.A., "Biofuel: what a biopact between north and south could achieve" 35 (35): 3350-3570, 2007

35 Wiesenthal, T, "Biofuel support policies in Europe: Lessons learnt for long way ahead" 13 (13): 789-800, 2009

36 Kaditi, E.A, "Bio-energy policies in a global context" 2008

37 Pelkmans, L, "Assessment of Measures to support biofuel introduction in european countries" 2007