전쟁과 미국국가 건설: 전시산업위원회의 사례를 중심으로 = War and the American State-Building: The Case of War Industries Board

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The War Industries Board, created around the time of the U.S. entrance to the first World War, did not deviate from the tradition of business-led market system in the sense that this new state agency recruited, and relied on, economic experts from the private sector to have them work in the semi-governmental commodity sections as business representatives. Bernard Baruch, chairman of the War Industries Board, was convinced that the government in the crisis needed to be conjoined by the business people legally authorized to decide on the national purchase of raw materials and the national pricing of domestic products. In this way, he believed the government could efficiently manage the national economy, preparing for and sustaining more effectively the U.S. involvement in the first World War. As a matter of fact, the War Industries Board made business representatives head its individual commodity sections, enabling the governmental purchase of raw materials to be better coordinated at a reasonable pricing system. As a result, the United States throughout the first World War was able to form an associative state where the government officials made national decisions related to war-preparedness in close consultation with business representatives working within the semi-public governmental organizations.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

1917년 창설된 이후 1918년 버나드 바룩을 위원장으로 하여 더욱 강화된 전시산업위원회는 전시산업정책 결정과정에 정부관리뿐만 아니라 각 산업현장의 기업대표들을 참여시켜 국가정책의 현실성과 효율성을 제고하고자 한 공사연계형 기구의 성격을 띠고 있었다. 제1차 세계대전이라는 전대미문의 대규모 전쟁을 맞이하여 미국은 위기관리 차원에서 전시물자수급에 대한 일정한 수준의 통제와 중앙관리가 필요함을 절감하게 되었다. 이러한 정부의 방침에 대해서 각 산업부분의 기업인들은 정부가 위기관리에 적절한 산업정책을 수행하면서도 사적영역의 자율성과 이해관계를 침해하지 않는 기구를 수립하도록 요구하기에 이르렀다. 한편 국가는 적절한 전시물자수급을 위해서 사적영역의 협조와 참여가 필요하였으며, 이를 위해서 각 산업부문의 대표적 기업가를 정책결정과정에 직접 참여시켜 전시산업생산력을 극대화할 필요를 느끼게 되었다. 그 결과 미국은 산업정책결정에 정부 관리와 산업별 기업대표가 함께 참여하는 정부-기업 공조형 국가기구로서 전시산업위원회를 창설, 강화하고, 그 산하의 다양한 상품분과 소위원회(commodity sections)를 두어 전시물자수급체계의 효율성 극대화를 도모하게 되었다. 이러한 정부-기업 간 협조를 통해서 전시 미국의 국가기구 제도화 과정은 사적 기업부문의 자율성을 인정하는 토대 위에서 전시물자의 생산 및 공급의 효율성과 이를 위한 국가의 지원을 최적화하는 방향으로 발전하게 되었다.

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