Since the onset of the U.S.-China trade dispute, economic tensions between the two countries have persisted, with the Biden administration maintaining a hardline stance on China. With the recent return of the Trump administration, a large-scale tariff...
Since the onset of the U.S.-China trade dispute, economic tensions between the two countries have persisted, with the Biden administration maintaining a hardline stance on China. With the recent return of the Trump administration, a large-scale tariff war is once again anticipated, making thorough analysis and policy responses increasingly critical. This study examines the impact of the tariff war triggered by the U.S.-China trade dispute on the Korean economy, and derives policy implications based on the findings.
First, the U.S. tariff increases on Chinese goods have led to a decline in Korea’s exports to the U.S. and a reduction in imports from China, thereby reshaping trade flows. However, the strengthening of U.S. non-tariff barriers has increased Korea’s exports to the U.S., particularly in consumer goods, suggesting that Korea can play a crucial role as an alternative supplier. Consequently, the Korean government and businesses must diversify their markets beyond key trading partners by expanding into emerging markets such as Southeast Asia and Latin America to mitigate trade risks. To achieve this, the government and research institutions should systematically collect and analyze data on the economic, political, legal, and consumer trends of these emerging markets and provide relevant insights to businesses.
Furthermore, to diversify its export industries, Korea must enhance its manufacturing competitiveness and foster high-value-added industries. Given the complementary nature of Korea’s exports of industrial goods to the U.S. with those of China, an increase in U.S. tariffs on Chinese goods could potentially lead to a decline in Korea’s exports to the U.S. Therefore, Korea should diversify its export portfolio to include not only industrial goods such as semiconductors and machinery but also consumer goods, thereby mitigating the negative impact of trade disputes. To achieve this, Korea should continuously invest in research and development (R&D) to advance products and services while enhancing industrial processes through expanded investments in Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies and R&D. Additionally, policies should be implemented to support small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by promoting technological innovation and providing tax incentives to strengthen overall industrial competitiveness.
Additionally, a systematic response to non-tariff barriers is required. Amid ongoing trade disputes and rising protectionism, non-tariff barriers have been reinforced alongside tariffs, often offsetting the effects of tariff policies. Thus, focusing solely on countering the negative effects of tariff measures may introduce unnecessary uncertainty, underscoring the need for a comprehensive response that also addresses non-tariff barriers. Accordingly, response strategies should take into account the simultaneous impact of systematic trade policies, including tariff and non-tariff measures. Moreover, a preemptive monitoring and early warning system should be established to continuously track trends in non-tariff barriers and enable swift policy responses.
Next, adjustments to foreign direct investment (FDI) strategies are necessary. Following U.S. tariff increases on Chinese goods, Korean multinational corporations (MNCs) have shown a tendency to increase their FDI in the U.S., a trend particularly evident among large enterprises. Meanwhile, although the number of subsidiaries of Korean MNCs operating in China has been declining—particularly among firms with higher import shares and heavily dependent on the global value chain—, the overall scale of FDI to China has not significantly decreased. This suggests that firms are reallocating their investments in China more efficiently. In particular, U.S. tariff measures on Chinese goods have created opportunities for Korean firms to expand their investments into third countries such as ASEAN, leading to increased FDI in this region. This trend reflects ASEAN’s advantages, including low production costs and strengthened connectivity with both the U.S. and Chinese markets, positioning it as an attractive alternative investment destination for Korean firms. Therefore, the Korean government should formulate policies to support the FDI strategies of Korean businesses while also considering measures to prevent the hollowing out of domestic industries.
Finally, ensuring flexible macroeconomic stability policies, including foreign exchange market and monetary policies, is crucial. Analyzing past U.S. trade policy shifts reveals that as U.S.-China trade conflicts intensified, trade policy uncertainty increased before tariff adjustments. This led to a depreciation of the Korean won against the U.S. dollar and heightened exchange rate volatility. The impact of trade policy uncertainty did not have a statistically significant effect on Korea’s key macroeconomic variables, as its influence on exports and imports was offset by the depreciation of the Korean won. However, U.S. tariff increases negatively affected Korea’s total production and dollar-denominated exports, partially explained by changes in the won-dollar exchange rate and price levels. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that Korea’s macroeconomic policies can respond more swiftly and flexibly. Coordination between monetary, fiscal, and foreign exchange policies should be strengthened to maintain economic stability.
In summary, changes in U.S.-China trade policy have significantly increased trade costs between the two countries, leading to reduced trade volumes and rising import costs, with substantial structural impacts on third-country economies, including Korea. Consequently, the Korean government and businesses must develop strategies to adapt flexibly to the evolving trade environment, followed by further research and policy discussions should continue. In particular, to minimize the negative impact of the prolonged U.S.-China trade dispute on Korea’s trade environment, more sophisticated trade policies should be formulated, and measures should be implemented to support Korean firms’ FDI strategies amid growing protectionist trends.
Additionally, policy support should be strengthened to enable Korean firms to respond flexibly to the restructuring of global value chains. Furthermore, institutional improvements are needed to enhance the speed and flexibility of macroeconomic policies, allowing for effective responses to exchange rate volatility amid increasing uncertainty in U.S. trade policy. Through these measures, Korea must establish a comprehensive strategy to ensure continued economic growth and competitiveness despite the U.S.-China trade conflict and shifts in U.S. trade policy with other countries.