힌두교와 불교에서 방위와 수호신의 관계 비교 = A Study of the Comparison of Relationship between World-protectors in Hinduism and Buddhism

국문 초록 (Abstract)

보편적으로 인도인들에게 널리 받아들여졌던 세계수호 신들은 약화 된 브라만교 시대의 중요했던 신들로, 동쪽은 Indra, 남쪽은 Yama, 서쪽은 Varuna, 그리고 북쪽은 Kubera가 담당했다. 그러나 두 서사시 Mahabharata와 Ramayana를 통해서 살펴보면 그 수호신들의 방위가 정착되기 까지 수호신들의 방위에 차이를 보인다. 이러한 사방(四方)의 수호신들이 힌두교 시대에는 더욱 발전된 형태로 각 방위 사이에 수호신들이 등장하여 여덟 방위의 신으로 나타났는데, 북동은 Soma, 남동은 Agni, 남서는 Surya 그리고 북서는 Vayu가 역할을 맡았다. 따라서 여기에서는 힌두교의 세계의 수호신(Lokapalas)들이 그 역할을 시작하는 시점과, 방위의 신으로서 사방(四方)에서 팔방(八方)으로 변천하는 과정을 Manu와 두 서사시 Mahabharata, Ramayana, 그리고 Harivamsa와 Purana들을 통해서 고찰하고 이러한 힌두교의 세계수호신의 개념이 불교 세계관인 호세 팔방천으로 도입 되었다는 일반적인 생각을 각 방위에 배치 된 신들의 이름을 통해서 살피면서, 동시에 이 신들의 역할을 통해서 힌두교와 불교의 세계 수호신과 호세 팔방천의 차이점을 고찰하였다. 이 차이점은 사이 방위인 힌두교의 북동의 Soma가 불교에서는 Isana로 그리고 남서의 Surya가 Nirrti로 변화의 과정을 밟게 되었는지를 추정하였다. 이러한 추정을 통해 얻은 것은 인도라는 지리학적인 조건과 같은 종교 문화적인 토대에서 비록 불교에서 힌두교 신들의 이름을 차용하고 있지만, 불교에 흡수 된 힌두교의 세계 수호신들은 불교에 융화 되면서 선신(善神)으로 역할이 바뀌고 불법(佛法)과 제존(諸尊) 그리고 불교를 수행하는 수행자를 보호 하기 위한 보호신으로 그 역할을 했다고 생각한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Common to Indians that were widely accepted the world-protectors as the gods of Brahmanism. Two epics Mahabharata and Ramayana, looking through the direction of world-protectors to be settled, there are some difference in their directions(cardinal points, Yama, Varuna, Kubera, Indra). But in later the eight gods are found as Lokapalas in Manu but without exact indication of the localities assigned to the individuals. The eight gods are grouped as guardians of the four chief and four subsidiary directions, Surya of the south-west, Soma of the the north-east, Vayu of the north-west, Agni of the south-east, and for cardinal points, Yama of the south, Varuna of the west, Kubera of the north, and Indra of the esat. Some late authorities make Nirrtii the guardian of the north-east, instead of Surya and Prthivi or Siva, Isana the guardian of the north-east, instead of Soma. We can found it in Buddhism also. So here, I looked about Lokapalas and when they start their role, as guardians of the four chief and four subsidiary directions in the process of transition through the study of Manuand two epics Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Harivamsa, Purana. The concept of the Hinduism world-protectors absorbed in Buddhism and general thought name of the gods to lead there is a possibility which it will be known. But Hinduism and Buddhism, there is a difference between the direction`s gods. In Hinduism northeast and southwest of Surya and Soma in Buddhism was replaced by Isana and Nirrtii. Here I estimated the course of these changes. In Buddhism, the absence of Soma and the emergence of Isana can be explained from several perspectives. Soma who is responsible for this world of the Brahmaism, but weakened the strength of Hinduism. As time progresses, it is estimated that Siva`s power was increased and was replaced by Soma and Buddhism, one of the Rudras Isana was replaced by Siva. Here, at the same time Isana and Mahesvara described as the god of north-east. Through this description Siva can be inferred to a replacement of Soma. Also being added later twelve guarding heaven as the concept of Candra, Soma seems to rule out the status. At the later Soma was changed to the meaning of moon. For this reason, Isana seems to be settled as the north-east of god in Buddhism. Regarding replacement of Nirrtii instead of Surya in west-south, it seems that position and bearing of Nirrtii already existed in the age of Purana because Harivamsa mentioned "saptamam ca tato vayum astamam Nirrtiim vasum", "the seventh is Vayu and the eighth is Nirrtii vasu." "Nirrtii" refers to negative meanings such as destruction, fall, or devil. Or "Nirrtii" is another name of Rudra. Regarding replacement of Nirrtii instead of Surya in west-south, Mahabharata mentions "sa Nairrtim eva disam" "west and south is the very bearing." "Nairrti" means direction of west and south as feminine noun while it also means direction of west and south as neuter noun. "Nairrti" is originated from nairrta and Mahabharata describes it as "hell where asura etc. live." "Nairrti" is ghost who controls destruction and fall. Accordingly, meaning of ghost and meaning of bearing of west-south exist in mixed condition. In Buddhist scriptures, generally "Nairrti" controlling west-south instead of Surya is absorbed into ghost heaven. This can be easily understood through 妙法蓮華經. "ten female ghosts appear before the Buddha together with Harita and followers. And they resolve to protect people who read, memorize, and keep 法華經." Through these words, it seems that Nairrti controlling west-south is absorbed into ghost heaven to protect Buddhist dharma while ghost who just started to learn Buddhism plays a role of good god. And as Surya who played an important role in Veda age appears in twelve guarding heaven as Aditya, Surya seems to be excluded from west-south. When Lokapalas in Hinduism and the eight gods of the world-protectors in Buddhism are compared each other, it can be known that view of the world in Hinduism was introduced to Buddhism--because names of gods correspond to placement of gods in four directions. However, the nature of the world-protectors of Hinduism and Buddhism are different. Since the Hindu gods are not to be worshiped. To defend Buddha`s dharma was introduced. The reason of differences in gods placed in intermediate directions could be sought from myth and religious and social background.

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