미국의 적극적조치 논쟁과 시사점

국문 초록 (Abstract)

미국에서 적극적조치(Affirmative Action)를 둘러싸고 전개되었던 논쟁을 제도의 필요성, 효과성, 정당성, 역기능의 네 가지 논점을 중심으로 살펴본다. 제도의 효과성에 대한 비판에 대해서는 단순히 사실을 드러내는 방식으로 충분한 답변이 되지만, 다른 세가지 논점은 다음과 같은 두 가지 점에서의 근본적인 인식의 차이를 반영한다.
첫째, 적극적조치의 반대론자와 옹호론자를 구분 짓는 가장 근본적인 인식의 차이는 현행 사회의 작동방식 즉, 사회시스템의 완전성에 대한 신뢰 여부를 반영한다. 적극적 조치의 반대론자들은 현재 사회의 작동원리는 업적주의이고 이것이 제대로 작동하지 못하는 경우에 한해서 차별이라는 문제가 발생한다고 보는데 비해서, 이 제도의 옹호론자는 현재 사회에서 수용되고 있는 업적주의는 그 자체로 공정성이 결여되어 있다고 보는 차이가 있다.
두 번째로 적극적조치의 반대론자와 옹호론자를 구분 짓는 근본적인 차이는 과거차별과 현재차별의 연관성에 대한 인식 차이에 있다. 과거에는 차별이 있었고 이것이 문제가 되었지만 이제는 더 이상의 차별을 금지한다면 추가적인 피해자는 없으므로 차별 문제는 해소되는 것이라고 보게 되면 적극적조치의 필요성을 인정하지 않게 된다. 이런 시각에서는 과거의 잘못을 현재에 보상하려고 한다는 점과 개인이 당한 피해를 집단적으로 보상하려고 한다는 점에서 적극적조치의 정당성에 의문을 제기한다.
미국의 오랜 적극적조치 논쟁은 목표치가 외부에 의해서 강제적으로 주어지는 할당제에 대한 강한 거부감을 드러내고 있으며, 우대조치는 일정한 자격요견을 갖춘 대상자 중에서 소수자에 대한 우대를 실시하는 것이 제도에 대한 사회적 수용성을 높일 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper reviews 40 years debates on Affirmative Action in the United States of America, focusing on the subjects of necessity, effectiveness, legitimacy, and dysfunction. The effectiveness of the Affirmative Action has been revealed in the history. The debates on the other three subjects reflect the perspectives on the following two aspects.
One of the most important differences between advocates and opponents of the Affirmative Action comes from the belief on the meritocratic social system. The opponents believe that the society is dominated by the meritocracy and that discrimination appears as a social problem just in case that the meritocracy malfunctions. On the other hand, the advocates raise questions if the so-called “meritocracy” is fair in the real world.
The other difference between advocates and opponents of the Affirmative Action is based on the perspectives on the relationship between the past and the current discriminations. Opponents believe that the ordinary discrimination acts works fine to prevent further discrimination against women and minorities. In this perspective, the Affirmative Action is not legitimate because white males who are innocent of acts having caused harm nonetheless being forced to provide restitution for such acts.
On the other hand, advocates of the Affirmative Action argue that preferential treatment be justified in terms of distributive justice. In this perspective, the ordinary discrimination acts are not enough and 'leveling the ground' should be necessary to solve the discrimination problem because the current discrimination is closely related with the past one.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 적극적조치 반대론과 옹호론
• Ⅲ. 적극적 조치 논쟁의 시사점
• Ⅳ. 논문의 한계 및 향후 연구방향
• 참고문헌
• 〈Abstract〉

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