Whether national literature is capitalized or not. it has been generally assessed to be one of the essential properties in building a modern nation-state. American national literature in the 19th century was no exception. Shortly after the nation's li...
Whether national literature is capitalized or not. it has been generally assessed to be one of the essential properties in building a modern nation-state. American national literature in the 19th century was no exception. Shortly after the nation's liberation from British rule in the late 18th century, the national literature of America began to emerge in the culture. Most of this centered around New England. But it had three specific dilemmas particular to the intellectual climate of that time; firstly. the poverty of the material base of contemporary American colonial culture. secondly. the presence of English literature, which drove American literature under, and lastly, ethnocentrism that originated from the white-ruled colonial period itself. Almost all American writers who were the great contenders of the English literature were vigorously engaged in these interlinked dilemmas. They played a central role in bringing forth the "American Renaissance' and giving a concrete shape to a national literature, which drove American literature under, and lastly, ethnocentrism that originated from the white-ruled colonial period itself. Almost all American writers who were the great contenders of the English literature were vigorously engaged in these interlinked dilemmas. They played a central role in bringing forth the "American Renaissance' and giving a concrete shape to a national literature in the 'new world.' But breaking out of the Civil War(1861-65) put an end to the golden days and gave way to the sharply contrasted post-bellum era, the so-cal led Gilded Age, which Henry James and Mark Twain, the two inheritors of national literature that flowered in the ante-bellum age, outshined with their realism. This dissertation is a study of The Portrait of a Lady and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn through the historical backgrounds of American national literature in the 19th century.
The most common notion readily absorbed in academy concerning the two writers is undoubtedly Pale Face vs. Red Skin posited by Philp Rahv in the late 1930s. Preceding this polar way of criticising the two writers. V.W.Brooks is the first scholar to divide and examine them in the manner of. say, Procrustes, which serves to produce the prevalent Cartesian cliché on the men-of -letters from the East and the Midwest respectively. On the other hand, F.R. Leavi s and V. Devoto. prominent and relentless critics from England and America. strictly evaluate James and Twain, condemning and redressing Brooks's impression-or iented interpretations. But when it comes to the two representative works, they don't go to the length of decentering the critical dogma of Brooks'; the creative achievements of James and Twain are consistently clarified and vindicated by Leavis and DeVoto in terms of the tradition of the realism of the English novel and Frontier literary culture of America.
These not-fully-probed ideas on Henry James and Mark Twain are understandable in that the two writers have been said to have very little in common and accepted in academy as such. We can even admit validity of the binary lines of Pale Face, Hawthorne-James, and Red Skin, Cooper-Twain. Considering the undeniable contributions of the past study of James and Twain, notably those of Leavis and DeVoto, it naturally would be too much to reject wholly the encompassing idée fixe on them. This antithetical conception is anyhow an obstacle to as well as an aid in thinking in one perspective about the two seemingly unrelated masterpieces of the Gilded Age. By using them to a certain degree as the indexes of interpretation, we can present the critical exercise analogically; the two novelists' mode of dealing with the predicaments which are psychologically embedded in Isabel Archer and Huck Finn who are situated in totally different times and locations, Rome and Mississippi, leads sensitive readers to the same kind of quest into the duplicitous self of the protagonists that substantial ly stems from the ideology of nation-building in the New Continent. But it is not until the ostensively opposite writers are put in the context of national literature flourished in the age of the American Renaissance that they are sufficiently shown to have a common historical ground. Hence the primary emphasis of our analysis of the two works is laid on the way James and Twain are conscious of their literary heritage of national literature of ante-bellum era as well as of the English 1iterature symbolized by Shakespeare in striving to solve the inner contradictions of Isabel and Huck Finn.
James, in spite of inventing the heroine's melodrama of forgiveness and star-crossed love, sends Isabel to Rome, her purgatory, while Twain, with all staging Tom Sawyer as the main medium of getting the slavery off readers’ mind, ends up returning Huck Finn to the Indian Territory or the West. James and Twain, in their wonderful tours de force at the end of their works, evoking Hester Prynne returning to the scene of 'original sin,' New England and Natty Bumppo going back to the place of 'pre-civilization,' Frontier, correspond exactly in suspending their hero/Inc in not yet realized freedom: Isabel's and Huck Finn's way to freedom remains to be played out in readers' imagination.
If we, in T.S. Eliot's expression, endeavor to be "the exceptionally sensitive reader. who is neither English nor American," the not-yet-realized freedom of Isabel and Huck Finn could be viewed as a Whitmanesque 'open road' which D.H. Lawrence deploys in perceptive historical sense in his Studies in Classic American Literature. Whitman, one of the most provocative figures in proclaiming national literature in the 19th America aside from Noah Webster, bravely sings of a soul ’s open road where each person, not as just one element of a ‘melting spot,’ but as a living individual, goes his/her way with the soul’s real sympathy which is certainly something that James and Twain replace with nothing less than melodrama and humanism in their own ways.
Once we grasp Isabel's and Huck Finn's journey to freedom in the historical context of the dilemmas of national literature in the ante-bellum period which virulently persisted in the times of James and Twain, we could give at least a definite direction to our imagination. National Literature in America, having cut its way out through the hydra-like dilemmas, from a certain perspective, is another expression of the 'open road' which makes possible the self-struggle of Isabel Archer and Huck Finn. And Given the ideological burden of whiteness which is ‘realized’ as the dead-end of their self-adventures, the journey in Rome and Mississippi would not be continued without the sympathy of the Other of American history.
In that case, there will be nothing to hinder us from imagining the unfinished striving of Isabel and Huck Finn as a Whitmanesque open road. But it has to be remembered that it should not necessarily be the way of the 'white aborigine' at the fin-de-siéclc. Only with the participation of the sister/brotherhood of the Other, particularly Women and Blacks in American history, can last Isabel's and Huck Finn's journey to the 'open road.' It is also the beginning of succession to James and Twain by the voice of the Other.