The global transition toward renewable energy has accelerated in response to environmental concerns and surging energy demand. Renewable energy sources offer sustainable alternatives, yet their intermittency necessitates large-scale energy storage sys...
The global transition toward renewable energy has accelerated in response to environmental concerns and surging energy demand. Renewable energy sources offer sustainable alternatives, yet their intermittency necessitates large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs). Redox flow batteries (RFBs) have gained prominence due to their unique architecture: spatial separation of electrolyte reservoirs from electrochemical cells enables independent scaling of capacity and output, providing unprecedented flexibility for grid-scale applications.
The selection of redox-active materials fundamentally determines RFB performance. Beginning with Fe/Cr systems in the 1970s, the field has progressed to commercial vanadium and zinc-bromine chemistries. However, these inorganic materials face significant limitations including environmental hazards and price volatility. These constraints have catalyzed a shift toward redox-active organic materials (ROMs) composed of earth-abundant elements (C, H, O, N). ROMs offer inherent cost-effectiveness, environmental compatibility, and facile molecular tunability for optimizing properties. Despite these advantages, organic RFBs remain economically uncompetitive due to high costs of complex multi-step functionalization required to achieve adequate aqueous solubility.
This dissertation proposes an alternative strategy departing from chemical modification approaches. Recognizing that ROM dissolution depends on interactions between both ROM and electrolyte, surfactants were introduced to create hydrophobic microenvironments within aqueous media through micelle formation. Using (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) as a model catholyte, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) increased solubility tenfold to 0.8 M while preserving electrochemical reversibility and improving capacity retention through reduced crossover and suppressed degradation.
To further enhance solubility toward practical requirements (>1 M), systematic phase behavior analysis of surfactant-ROM-water ternary systems revealed fundamental constraints: maximum ROM solubility is bounded by ROM precipitation at low surfactant concentrations and liquid crystal formation at high concentrations driven by inter-micelle electrostatic repulsion. Rational surfactant molecular design—shortening alkyl chains from cetyl (C16) to octyl (C8)—reduced micelle surface charge density, thereby delaying liquid crystal formation and achieving 1.2 M TEMPO in 9 m octyltrimethylammonium chloride (OTAC). Despite higher micelle content, comparable viscosity was maintained through diminished electroviscous effects, while chain modification upshifted redox potential.
This work establishes that non-covalent solubilization strategies coupled with rational surfactant engineering offer an economically competitive pathway for organic RFBs. By defining how surfactant molecular architecture governs phase stability and ROM loading capacity, this research demonstrates that electrolyte engineering can circumvent cost barriers hindering commercialization. Although challenges remain in cycle life and charge transfer kinetics, these findings advance cost-effective, sustainable energy storage platforms while deepening scientific understanding of supramolecular chemistry-based flow battery systems.