Forest resource policy

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PARTⅠ PROCESSES
• Chapter 1 Forest Resources and Public Policy = 3
• Introduction = 3
• Forestry and Wildlife in the 1990s = 4
• Public Opinion and Forestry in Texas = 5
• Timber Salvage and Replanting Efforts = 5
• Public Protect and Eventual Outcome = 6
• Reintroduction of Bobcats on Cumberland Island National Seashore = 6
• NEPA and the Environmental Assessment = 8
• Public Comments = 8
• The Media = 9
• Public Meetings = 9
• Outcome = 9
• The Importance of Public Policy = 10
• Forest Area and Ownership = 10
• Extent of forests = 10
• Closed Forest／Open Forest = 11
• Timberland／Woodland = 11
• Softwood／Hardwood = 13
• Developed Nations／Developing Nations = 13
• Industrial Wood／Fuelwood = 13
• Ownership of Forests = 15
• United States of America = 15
• Other Nations = 15
• Forests and Public Policy = 16
• Elements of Policy = 17
• Instruments of Policy = 18
• Definition of Forest Policy = 18
• Illustration : Forest Policy Statements = 19
• Plan of the Book = 21
• Literature Cited = 21
• Chapter 2 Policy and Political Processes = 23
• The Study of Forest Policy = 23
• Alternative Approaches = 23
• Historical = 23
• Illustration : Stages of Forestry Development = 23
• Institutional = 23
• Illustration : U. S. Forest Service Organization = 25
• Process or Analysis = 28
• Our Approach = 28
• Objectives of Forest Policy = 28
• Social Objectives = 30
• Illustration : Forestry Ends and Means Hierarchy = 30
• Conflicts among objectives = 30
• Analysis of Policy Processes = 31
• Policy Process Model = 31
• Levels of politics = 33
• Illustration : The Clear - cutting Controversy = 33
• Clear-cutting Begins in the 1950s = 34
• Opposition Mounts in the 1970s = 34
• The Monongahela Decision of 1975 = 36
• The National Forest Management Act of 1976 = 36
• Controversy Continues in the 1980s = 37
• Process Model Applications and Limitations = 37
• Initial Realities about Politics = 39
• Summary = 40
• Literature Cited = 41
• Chapter 3 Markets, Government, and Forest Resources = 42
• Introduction = 42
• Forests and American Values = 44
• Individualism = 44
• Community = 45
• Integration = 45
• Market and Nonmarket Goods = 46
• Forest Outputs and Issues = 47
• Timber = 47
• Wildlife = 47
• Range = 48
• Water = 48
• Recreation = 49
• Wilderness = 49
• Others = 50
• Markets and Forest Resources = 51
• Neoclassical Economic Theory = 51
• Efficient Market Requirements = 51
• Public Choice Theory = 53
• Illustration : Privatization of the New Zealand Forest Service = 54
• Market Failure = 55
• Property Rights and Privatization = 55
• Nonmarket Costs and Benefits = 55
• Imperfect Knowledge = 57
• Imperfect Competition = 58
• Equity = 58
• Distribution of Benefits = 59
• Justification for Forest Resource Programs = 59
• Allocation Criteria = 60
• Illustration : Historic Forestry Debates = 61
• Market Proponents = 61
• Government Advocates = 64
• Government and Forestry = 64
• Economic Systems = 65
• Conservation and the Land Ethic = 67
• Decision Guidelines = 68
• Illustration : Modern Forestry Debates = 69
• Market Proponents = 69
• Government Advocates = 70
• Summary = 72
• Literature Cited = 72
• Chapter 4 Policy Issues and Formulation = 76
• Introduction = 76
• Problems and Issues = 76
• Problem Formation = 77
• Issue Creation = 77
• Issue Types = 79
• Illustration : U. S. Forest Service Issue Identification = 79
• Agendas and Issue Expansion = 80
• Interest Group Involvement = 81
• Issue Expansion = 81
• Issue Characteristics = 83
• Symbols and Expansion Strategy = 83
• Applications = 86
• Policy Formulation and Adoption = 87
• Participants = 88
• National = 88
• State = 89
• Adoption Processes = 89
• Rationalism = 89
• Incrementalism = 90
• Mixed Scanning = 93
• Alternative Dispute Resolution = 93
• Mediation and Negotiation = 93
• Illustration : Washington State Agreements = 94
• Timber／Fish／Wildlife = 94
• Sustainable Forestry Roundtable = 95
• Summary = 95
• Literature Cited = 95
• Chapter 5 Policy Analysis, Evaluation, and Implementation = 98
• Introduction = 98
• Analysis and Advocacy = 98
• Decision and Evaluation Criteria = 99
• Ecological = 100
• Preserving Options = 100
• Biological Diversity = 101
• Economic = 102
• Efficiency = 103
• Sustainability = 104
• Social = 104
• Freedom = 105
• Equity = 105
• Decision Processes = 106
• Acceptability and Practicality = 106
• Political = 107
• Integration = 107
• Illustration : The Forestry Incentives Program = 108
• Efficiency = 108
• Equity = 109
• Capital Substitution and Supply Increases = 109
• Implementation Success = 110
• Specific Goals = 111
• Quantitative Standards = 112
• Program Monitoring = 112
• Agency Commitment and Enforcement = 113
• Executive and Legislative Commitment = 114
• Costs and Benefits = 115
• Direct Federal Involvement = 115
• Program Evaluation = 116
• Purposes = 116
• Illustration : Bureau of Land Management Grazing Policy Enforcement = 116
• The General Accounting Office = 117
• Bureau of land Management Grazing Policies = 117
• BLM Trespass Detection Efforts = 117
• GAO Recommendations = 118
• Summary = 119
• Literature Cited = 119
• PART Ⅱ PARTICIPANTS
• Chapter 6 The Legislature = 125
• Introduction = 125
• Legislative Powers = 125
• Enact Legislation = 126
• Constitutional Authority = 126
• The Law = 126
• Illustration : Washington State Wilderness Act of 1984 = 127
• Raise and Allocate Funds = 130
• Raising Revenues = 130
• Appropriating Expenditures = 134
• Illustration : Funding State Forestry Fisheries, and Wildlife Programs = 134
• Developing Budgets = 136
• Oversight = 138
• Limitations = 139
• Constitutional = 139
• Judicial = 139
• Executive = 140
• Legislative Process = 140
• Legislative Organization = 142
• Types of Committees = 143
• Conference Committees = 143
• Standing Committees = 143
• Functions of Committees = 143
• Hearings = 144
• Actions = 144
• Natural Resources = 145
• Congressional Staff = 146
• Personal = 146
• Committee = 146
• Individual Legislators = 147
• Influential Factors = 147
• Issue Selection = 148
• Illustration : Pork Barrel and National Parks = 149
• Representative Philosophy = 149
• Summary = 150
• Literature Cited = 150
• Chapter 7 The Executive Branch = 153
• The Presidency = 153
• Powers = 154
• Appointment = 154
• Supervision = 155
• Legislation = 155
• Budget = 156
• Foreign Policy = 157
• Limitations = 158
• Illustration : The Forest Conservation Movement under Theodore Roosevelt = 159
• Congressional Relations = 161
• Executive Office of the President = 161
• Office of Management and Budget = 161
• Council of Economic Advisors = 163
• Council on Environmental Quality = 163
• The Bureaucracy = 164
• Policy Formation and Implementation = 164
• The Iron Triangle = 166
• Natural Resource Agencies = 167
• Interagency Relationships = 169
• Bureaucratic Power = 170
• Bureaucratic Problems = 171
• Illustration : The Forest Service as a Bureaucracy = 171
• Summary = 173
• Literature Cited = 174
• Chapter 8 The Judiciary and the Law = 176
• Introduction = 176
• Legal Citations = 176
• Law and Public policy = 178
• Types of Law = 178
• Sources of Law = 179
• Illustration : The National Environment Policy Act = 179
• Judicial Powers = 182
• Judicial Review = 182
• Facts versus Values = 182
• Judicial Structure = 183
• District Courts = 184
• Illustration : Wetlands Clearing in Louisiana = 184
• Appellate Courts = 186
• Illustration : Timber Harvesting Practices on the Monongahela National Forest = 187
• Supreme Court = 188
• Standing to Sue = 188
• Land Use Regulation = 189
• Special Courts = 189
• State Courts = 189
• Illustration : Rural Property Taxes in Georgia = 189
• Judicial Actions = 191
• Decision Processes = 191
• Remedies = 192
• Courts and Public Policy = 193
• Advantages = 193
• Criticisms = 194
• Illustration : The Woodpecker and the Judge = 195
• National Forest Woodpecker Management = 196
• Texas Committee on Natural Resources and Forest Reform Network = 197
• Recent RCW Action = 197
• Summary = 198
• Literature Cited = 198
• Chapter 9 Interest Groups = 201
• Introduction = 201
• Models of Group Participation = 202
• Group Theory = 202
• Iron Triangles and Specialization = 203
• Issue Networks = 203
• Political Parties = 205
• Types of Interest Groups = 206
• Citizen Interests Groups = 206
• Principal Environmental Groups = 206
• Environmental Group Classifications = 209
• Trade Associations = 212
• Professional Associations and Research Groups = 213
• Decision Making in Interest Groups = 215
• Development = 215
• Structure = 216
• Process = 216
• Strategies = 217
• Tactics = 218
• Direct Communication = 218
• Group Member Influence = 219
• Campaign Contributions and PACs = 219
• Endorsements and Voting Records = 221
• Public Relations = 221
• Problems of Interest Groups = 221
• Summary = 223
• Literature Cited = 223
• Chapter 10 Environmentalism, conservation, Ethics, and Professionalism = 226
• Introduction = 226
• Environmentalism and Conservation = 226
• The Conservation Movement = 228
• Illustration : The American Forestry Association and the Creation of the National Forests = 228
• Utilitarianism versus Preservation = 229
• Environmentalists and Conservation = 230
• Who Is an Environmentalist? = 230
• The Environmental Movement = 231
• Critics of Environmentalism = 232
• Environmental Values and the Needs Hierarchy = 233
• Illustration : Environmentalism Business Becomes a Believer = 234
• Conservation Ethics = 236
• Attitudes toward Nature = 237
• Deep Ecology = 237
• Resource Managers = 238
• Environmental Ethics = 238
• Leopold's Land Ethic = 240
• A New Ethic? = 241
• Old Biases = 242
• Cooperation and Leadership = 242
• Professionalism and Ethics = 243
• Definition of a Profession = 243
• Code of Ethics = 244
• Society of American Foresters = 244
• The Wildlife Society = 246
• Illustration : Applications of Professional Ethics = 246
• Summary = 248
• Literature Cited = 248
• Chapter 11 Mass Media and the Forestry Message = 253
• Mass Communication = 253
• Illustration : Herbicide Protests and the Media = 254
• Herbicide Hazards = 254
• Media Involvement = 254
• Public Relations = 255
• Media Roles = 256
• News Reporting and Interpretation = 256
• Advertisements and Public Relations = 258
• Education and entertainment = 259
• Media types = 260
• Print Media = 260
• Newspapers = 260
• Magazines = 261
• Books = 264
• Electronic Broadcasting Media = 265
• Radio = 265
• Television = 266
• Motion Pictures = 267
• Forestry and Hollywood = 267
• Educational Films and Videocassettes = 268
• The Media and Forest Resources = 268
• Advertising = 268
• Illustration : The Rio Earth Summit = 269
• Public Relations = 269
• Illustration : Fernow and Pinchot - Early forestry Promoters = 270
• Resource Manager's Public Image = 272
• Professionals and the Media = 273
• Use of Symbols = 273
• Meet the Press = 274
• Media Effectiveness = 275
• Media Power Research = 275
• Agenda Setting = 275
• Forestry and Wildlife Influences = 276
• Summary = 277
• Literature Cited = 277
• PART Ⅲ PROGRAMS
• Chapter 12 Public Ownership and Management of Land = 283
• Introduction = 283
• Early American Land Policy = 284
• Expanding the Public Domain = 285
• Disposing of the Public Lands = 287
• Illustration : Looting the Public Domain = 288
• Retaining Public Lands = 289
• Federal Forest Reserves = 290
• Roosevelt Expands the Reserves = 291
• Eastern National Forest Purchases = 291
• Federal Land Management Agencies = 292
• The Department of the Interior = 292
• History = 292
• Agency Evolution = 292
• The 1900s = 293
• National Park Service = 294
• The National Park System = 294
• Park Land Types = 295
• Current Outdoor Recreation Programs = 296
• Bureau of Reclamation = 297
• Bureau of Land Management = 298
• The Grazing Service = 298
• The New BLM = 299
• The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 = 300
• Current BLM Practices = 300
• Rangeland Issues = 300
• Fish and Wildlife Service = 302
• Early Legislation = 302
• A New Agency = 303
• Current Programs = 303
• Bureau of Indian Affairs = 303
• The USDA Forest Service = 304
• Land Areas = 304
• Policies and Issues = 304
• Other Public Lands = 307
• The Department of Defense = 307
• The Corps of Engineers = 307
• State and Local = 308
• Modern Public Land Reservations = 309
• Wilderness = 309
• Early Efforts = 310
• The Wilderness Act of 1964 = 311
• Wild and Scenic Rivers = 312
• National Trails = 313
• Alaska National Lands = 313
• Statehood and Native Claims = 314
• The Tongass National Forest = 314
• The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge = 315
• Illustration : Old Growth, Wildlife, and Values = 316
• Facts and Values = 316
• Participants = 317
• Continuing issues = 317
• Land Acquisitions = 319
• Ongoing Purchases = 319
• Illustration : The Land and Water Conservation Fund = 320
• Establishment and Structure = 320
• Revenue Sources and Disbursements = 321
• Accomplishments = 321
• Ongoing Issues = 321
• Summary = 322
• Literature Cited = 323
• Chapter 13 Multiple Use Forestry and Forest Planning = 327
• Forest Management Planning Policy = 327
• Multiple - Use Planning = 328
• Public Demands on national Forests = 329
• Multiple - Use Sustained - Yield Act(MUSYA) of 1960 = 330
• Multiple Criticisms = 331
• Comprehensive planning = 332
• Forest and Rangeland Renewable resources Planning Act of 1974 (RPA) = 332
• National Forest Management Act(NFMA) of 1976 = 334
• Contents = 336
• Implications = 336
• The Planning and Appeal Process = 337
• Illustration : The Administrative Appeal of the Harper Cliffs Timber Sale = 338
• The Process = 339
• The Issues = 339
• The Outcome = 339
• RPA／NFMA Debates = 340
• Critics = 340
• Advocates = 341
• National Forest Planning Today = 342
• Forest Planning and Conflict Resolution = 344
• Market Approach = 344
• Legislative-Judicial Approach = 345
• Negotiated Approach = 345
• A Retrospective View = 341
• Summary = 347
• Literature Cited = 347
• Chapter 14 Federal Environmental Protection and Regulation = 352
• Early Forest and Environmental Policy = 352
• Colonial America = 353
• The United States = 354
• Proposed Federal Forestry Regulation = 354
• Federal Wildlife Law = 354
• Beginning Forest Practice Law = 355
• Mid-Century Conservation = 356
• The Taking Issue = 356
• Early Decisions = 357
• Diminution of Value and Public Interest = 358
• Modern Regulatory Powers = 359
• Recent Court Decisions = 360
• National Environmental Policy = 361
• National Environmental Policy Act = 361
• The Environmental protection Agency = 363
• Federal Water Pollution Control Act = 363
• Section 402 - Industrial Point Source Pollution = 364
• Section 208 and 319 - Nonpoint Source Pollution = 364
• Section 404 - Wetland point Source Pollution = 366
• Permit Authority = 367
• Silvicultural Exemptions = 367
• 1986 Regulations = 368
• Court Cases = 369
• Wetlands Definition = 370
• Wetlands Area = 371
• Wetlands Mitigation = 373
• Related Wetlands Legislation = 374
• Coastal Zone Management = 374
• Farm Bill = 374
• Clean Air Act = 375
• Air Pollutants = 375
• Control Methods = 375
• Land Use Controls = 376
• The 1990 Amendments = 377
• Other Federal Laws = 378
• Coastal Zone Management Act = 378
• Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act = 378
• Summary = 380
• Literature Cited = 380
• Chapter 15 Wildlife Management and Protection Policy = 384
• Introduction = 384
• Ownership of Wildlife = 385
• Wildlife Management Objectives = 386
• Illustration : Aldo Leopold, Professor of Game Management and Conservationist = 387
• A Young Forester = 387
• A Game Manager = 388
• A Wildlife Ecologist = 389
• State Wildlife Policy = 390
• Controlling the Take = 390
• Increasing Populations and Managing Habitat = 392
• Nongame Concerns = 392
• Federal Wildlife Policy = 393
• U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service = 394
• Principal Laws = 394
• Lacey Act = 394
• Migratory Bird Treaty Act = 395
• Migratory Bird Conservation Act and Duck Stamp Act = 395
• Animal Damage Control Act Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act = 396
• Taylor Grazing Act and Forest Wildlife Refuge Act = 397
• Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act = 397
• Bald Eagle Act = 398
• Fish Restoration and Management Act = 398
• Sikes Act = 398
• Land and Water Conservation Fund Act = 398
• Anadromous Fish Conservation Act = 399
• National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act = 399
• Wild Free - Roaming Horses and Burros Protection Act = 399
• Federal Water Pollution Control Laws = 400
• Marine Mammal Protection Act = 400
• Endangered Species Act = 400
• Fishery Conservation and Management Act = 401
• Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act = 401
• Pacific Northwest Power Planning and Conservation Act = 401
• Federal Land Management = 401
• Trends = 403
• Managing Habitat and Ecosystems = 403
• Illustration : The Antihunting Issue = 404
• A History of Conflict = 404
• Public Sentiment = 405
• Legal and Institutional Issues = 406
• The Professional View = 407
• Protecting Biological Diversity = 407
• Endangered Species Act = 408
• Listing = 409
• Critical Habitat = 409
• Protection = 410
• Illustration : The Snail Darter and the Dam = 412
• Economics and the ESA = 413
• The God Committee = 413
• Social and Political Realities = 414
• ESA Reauthorization = 415
• Summary = 416
• Literature Cited = 416
• Chapter 16 Regulation of Forest Practices = 420
• State Forest Practice Laws = 420
• Older Laws = 421
• Modern Laws = 423
• Purpose = 423
• Administration = 424
• Applicability and Exemptions = 425
• Violations and Penalities = 425
• Regulated Forest Practices = 426
• Illustration : The Oregon Forest Practice Act = 426
• The 1971 Law = 426
• Implementation and 1987 Revisions = 427
• The 1991 Amendments = 428
• Local Forestry Regulation = 429
• Types of Laws = 429
• Public Property／Safety Protection = 429
• Urban／Suburban Environmental Protection = 430
• General Environmental Protection = 431
• Special Feature／Habitat Protection = 432
• Forestland Preservation = 432
• Penalties for Noncompliance = 433
• Reasons for Laws = 433
• The Northeast = 433
• The South = 434
• The West = 434
• Other State Regulations = 435
• Water Quality = 436
• Business Practices = 436
• Policy Responses = 437
• Alternatives = 438
• Illustration : Enacting the Maine Forest Practice Law = 439
• Forestry Issues = 439
• Issue Responses = 440
• The 1989 Law = 440
• Forest Practice Regulations = 441
• Policy-Making Implications = 441
• Current prospects = 442
• Summary = 443
• Literature Cited = 443
• Chapter 17 Public Assistance for Private Owners = 446
• Introduction = 446
• Taxation = 447
• Income Taxes = 449
• Capital Gains = 450
• Management Cost Deductions = 451
• Reforestation Investment Tax Incentives = 452
• Property Taxes = 453
• Exemptions and Rebates = 455
• Yield Taxes = 455
• Modified Property Taxes = 455
• Payments in lieu of Taxes = 456
• Financial Assistance = 457
• Agricultural Conservation Program = 457
• Forestry Incentives Program = 457
• Stewardship Incentives Program = 460
• State Incentive Programs = 461
• Conservation Reserve Programs = 462
• Soil Bank = 462
• Conservation Reserve = 462
• The 1990 Revisions = 466
• Sodbuster, Swampbuster, and Cross - Compliance = 467
• Other Direct Payments = 468
• Illustration : Seedling Production and Privatization = 468
• Technical Assistance = 469
• Public Programs = 469
• Current Status = 469
• Illustration : Program Evaluations = 470
• Private Assistance = 473
• Public and Private Competition = 474
• America the Beautiful = 475
• Extension Programs = 475
• Wildlife Management Assistance = 476
• Indirect Assistance = 477
• Fish and Wildlife Agencies = 477
• Publicly Funded Research = 477
• Forestry Programs = 477
• Research Evaluation = 478
• Fish and Wildlife Programs = 479
• Forest Protection Programs = 479
• Production and Marketing Cooperatives = 480
• Putting it All Together : Total State Forest Resource Programs = 480
• Conclusions = 484
• Forestry Goals = 484
• Timber Production = 486
• Summary = 487
• Literature Cited = 488
• Chapter 18 Forest Resource Policy in a Global Context = 494
• Introduction = 494
• Forestry in the Developing World = 496
• Tropical Deforestation = 496
• International Development and Foreign Aid = 497
• Aid Agencies = 498
• Aid Policy = 499
• Social Forestry = 499
• Sustainable Development = 500
• Plantation Forestry = 501
• Illustration : UNCED : The Rumble in Rio = 503
• Treaties and Politics = 503
• Agreements and Outcomes = 504
• International Trade of Forest Products = 505
• World Production and Markets = 506
• Fuelwood = 506
• Industrial Roundwood = 506
• Manufactured Wood Products = 507
• Trends = 508
• Trade Policy = 509
• Illustration : U. S. Trade with Canada and Japan = 510
• Comparative Forest Policies In the Developed World = 512
• Forest Ownership = 513
• Regulation = 513
• Incentives = 516
• Taxation = 518
• Forests and Global Climate = 519
• Contribution of Forests = 521
• Evaluation of Forest Policy Responses = 522
• Market Processes = 523
• Public Intervention = 523
• Summary = 524
• Literature Cited = 525
• APPENDICES
• Appendix A Principal Federal Laws Relating to Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, Range, and Recreation = 528
• Appendix B An Introduction to Legal Research and Citation = 540
• Introduction = 540
• Preliminary Legal Research = 540
• Primary Legal Research = 540
• Judicial Decisions = 540
• Statutes = 542
• Federal Statutes = 542
• State Statutes = 542
• Statute Citators = 542
• Constitutions = 543
• Federal Constitution = 543
• State constitutions = 543
• Secondary Legal Resources = 543
• Legal Periodicals = 543
• Legislative History = 543
• Administrative and Executive Publications = 545
• Looseleaf Services = 545
• Legal Encyclopedias = 545
• Treatises and Restatements = 545
• Words and Phrases = 545
• Legal Casebooks and Commercial Study Aids = 545
• References = 546
• Appendix C Forest Resource Policy Acronymns = 547
• Index = 551