With the global rise of K-content in 2025, web novels have emerged as a flexible source IP proliferating across a transmedia ecosystem that extends into webtoons, dramas, games, and animation. Research on web content, however, has largely concentrated...
With the global rise of K-content in 2025, web novels have emerged as a flexible source IP proliferating across a transmedia ecosystem that extends into webtoons, dramas, games, and animation. Research on web content, however, has largely concentrated on extrinsic factors such as industrial performance, IP-expansion strategy, and consumption patterns, leaving the internal narrative principles that have captivated readers of billions of views insufficiently examined. Addressing this gap, this study contends that the commercial value of web novels ultimately derives from “the power of storytelling,” and aims to identify the operative mechanism by which web novels generate a sense of “self-efficacy” in readers through “character” and “spectacle.”
To this end, the study selects 〈Solo Leveling〉 and 〈Whats wrong with secretary Kim〉 as representative works of the two major axes of the web-novel genre, modern fantasy and romance. Aristotle’s Poetics serves as the primary analytical tool, adapting the six elements of tragedy to the web novel in a deliberately limited and reinterpreted form, while Northrop Frye’s theory of modes (mythic-romance mode/comic-romance mode) establishes the generic coordinates of the two works. The study further draws on Albert Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy as its terminal analytical framework to examine how these transformations of character and spectacle produce emotional efficacy in readers, supplemented by Csikszentmihalyi’s concept of flow, Lacan’s theory of the gaze, Murray’s notion of agency, Debord’s theory of the society of the spectacle, and Benjamin’s theory of aura.
The analysis yields three main findings. First, hamartia, the central mechanism of characterization, is reinterpreted not as an “error of judgment” or “moral flaw” but as a “cognitive delay” and a “paradox of virtue,” transformed from a defect to be eliminated into a “strategic deficiency” that maximizes the amplitude of growth. In 〈Solo Leveling〉 , protagonist Sung Jin-Woo sublimates the structural powerlessness of being an “E-rank hunter” into a “subjectivity of control” by merging with the System, whereas in Why Secretary Kim, Kim Mi-so and Lee Young-jun recover a “relational subjectivity” by mutually compensating for their asymmetrical deficiencies of “loss of self” and “isolation.” Second, spectacle—relegated by Aristotle to the lowest of the six elements—is subverted and elevated into the “dominant of immersion” within the digital media environment: 〈Solo Leveling〉 constructs a “digital spectacle (spectacle of proof)” through status windows, numerical values, and system messages, while Why Secretary Kim constructs a “material spectacle (spectacle of assurance)” through luxury goods, the body, and privileged spaces. Third, these transformations of character and spectacle ultimately converge on the emotional destination of “self-efficacy”: Sung Jin-Woo’s achievements yield an “achievement-oriented, vertical efficacy,” while Kim Mi-so’s recovery yields a “relational, existential efficacy.”
Taken together, the operative principle of the web novel is shown to run through a threefold correspondence: “the resourcing of hamartia (character) → mode-specific spectacle (spectacle) → mode-specific efficacy (emotion).” Within this structure, the purpose of catharsis shifts from an aesthetics of “emptying,” which discharges negative emotion, to an aesthetics of “recharging,” which replenishes depleted self-worth. By naming and outlining this reorganizing principle of classical poetics as a “poetics of web narrative,” this study demonstrates the narratological distinctiveness and aesthetic value of web novels, a form long dismissed as mere commercial entertainment or “snack culture.” The study thus offers a methodological foundation that other genre studies and digital narratology may draw upon, as well as an analytical tool applicable to web-novel writing education and to OSMU/super-IP planning practice within the content industry.