도덕적 사유의 두 수준 모델과 심리적 현실주의 = The Two-Level Model of Moral Thinking and Psychological Realism

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

A long-standing objection to utilitarianism is that it leads to conclusions contrary to our common moral intuitions. R. M. Hare tries to solve the counterintuitiveness problem of utilitarianism by means of the two-level model of moral thinking. Hare divides the levels of moral thinking into the intuitive level and the critical level. According to two-level model, act-utilitarianism operates in the critical level, while intuitions operate in the intuitive level. In this way, Hare provides the method that can adhere to consistent utilitarianism and at the same time accept intuitions in utilitarian ethical system. But J. L. Mackie and Bernard Williams argue that the two-level model is unstable and psychologically unrealistic. According to Mackie, two-level model is unstable because of keeping the two levels of moral thinking insulated from one another. Williams argues that the two-level model has psychologically unrealistic demands that people should look at their intuitive principles in the ultimate way and also look at those principles in the instrumental way, and that looking at intuitive principles instrumentally undermines personal integrity. But Joshua D. Greene`s neuroscientific researches support that people`s moral thinking has two different kinds of psychological processes which correspond to Hare`s two levels, the intuitive and the critical, and that there are no psychological unstability and psychological unrealism when they think morally according to two-level model. These researches suggest that modern scientific researches is more coherent with Hare`s two-level model than Mackie`s and Williams` criticism of the model.

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