The increasing necessity for analyzing relatively distant kinship relationships in Korea arises from its unique socio-historical context, including the division of the Korean peninsula, transformations in family structure, and the intensification of i...
The increasing necessity for analyzing relatively distant kinship relationships in Korea arises from its unique socio-historical context, including the division of the Korean peninsula, transformations in family structure, and the intensification of international exchanges. To address this need, genomic segment sharing analysis has been developed to enhance the interpretive power of genetic polymorphism data. By considering the length of shared genomic regions alongside conventional sharing indicators, this method has proven useful in various applied fields, including forensic investigations and kinship reconstructions. Analysis of shared segment length requires high-density SNP genotyping data, which exceeds analytical scope of conventional personal identification techniques. To satisfy this requirement, a chip-based approach has been developed and is currently in use. However, chip-based method generally require relatively high DNA concentrations for successful analysis, which limits their applicability to forensic samples, particularly those that are highly degraded, such as skeletal remains. In such cases, additional processing steps are often necessary.
To overcome these limitations, several next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods have been introduced to facilitate the analysis of degraded forensic samples. These approaches prioritize the quantitative and qualitative condition of DNA. However, due to the strict quality requirements, the number of analyzable SNPs tends to be lower than that of chip-based method. Although some validation studies have been published, comparative data on the methodological differences between NGS-based and chip-based approaches remain insufficient, particularly regarding the impact of reduced SNP counts on population-specific variation, the detectable range of kinship, and the comparability of available analytical tools. To expand the applicability of genomic segment-based kinship analysis, it is essential to evaluate the strengths and limitations of both approaches, assess the practical feasibility of NGS-based analysis, and identify critical factors for their use in forensic casework. Based on this background, a comparative study was conducted.
In this study, both a chip-based and an NGS-based approach were applied to an extended family group (12 pedigrees, 41 kinship relationships, 35 samples) with confirmed pedigree information and known genetic distances. To compare the performance of the two methods, existing Korean chip data from previous studies and newly generated data using the Kintelligence, an NGS-based platform, were utilized. Of the 41 pairwise comparisons, 39 yielded concordant result. In the two discordant cases, a known 5th degree relationship was either classified as an intermediate between 4th and 5th degrees or failed to produce a result. The Korean chip distinguished kinship up to the 8th degree and successfully differentiated parent-child and full sibling relationships within the 1st degree. In contrast, the Kintelligence was able to resolve relationships only up to the 5th degree and was unable to differentiate between relationship types within the 1st degree. These differences may stem from the number of SNPs used to define segment-sharing thresholds, variation in algorithmic sensitivity, and methodological differences in the interpretation of shared genomic segments.
To evaluate the applicability of Kintelligence method to contemporary Korean forensic cases, an additional case study was conducted using a skeletal remain sample from approximately 75 years ago. Its usability was assessed through comparison with chip-based results and contextual information. While chip-based technology enables the identification of more distant kinship relationships, it requires relatively large amount of high-quality DNA. In contrast, NGS-based analysis may help overcome this limitation. At this stage, two important considerations arise: (1) how many SNPs are required for effective analysis, and (2) what limitations emerge when the number of SNPs is reduced. This study provides empirical insight into these issues through the practical application of an NGS-based method.
Although NGS-based analysis is mainly suited for close kinship, its utility in cases involving degraded and low-quantity samples was demonstrated in this real forensic case. When applied complementarily according to the analytical objective and sample condition, the respective strengths and limitations of each approach can be effectively leveraged. Accordingly, this study may serve as a foundational reference for the broader application of genomic segment sharing in forensic genetics.