유사 외상 상황과 인지부하가 주의편향에 미치는 효과

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 외상 사건 경험과 유사한 일시적인 스트레스 반응을 유발하는 유사외상패러다임을 사용해서 유사 외상 상황과 인지부하가 주의편향에 미치는 효과를 검증하기 위한 것이었다. 이러한 목적을 이루기 위해 2개의 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 1은 유사 외상 상황을 경험하는 참가자의 주의가 외상과 관련된 특정 자극에만 편향되는지 아니면 위협자극에 일반화되어 편향되는지 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 주요 변인은 유사 외상 상황의 처치 유무에 따른 집단(동영상시청군, 통제군), 자극유형(특정위협자극, 일반위협자극) 및 자극제시시간(100ms, 500ms)이었고, 종속변인은 탐침탐사과제의 반응시간이었다. 실험 2는 유사 외상 상황에서 인지부하가 특정위협자극에 대한 주의편향을 감소시키는지를 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 주요 변인은 집단, 자극유형 및 인지부하(고, 저)이었고, 종속변인은 인지부하가 추가된 탐침탐사과제의 반응시간이었다. 사건 충격 척도(IES-K) 점수가 25점 미만, 통합적 한국판 역학연구센터 우울증 척도(CES-D) 점수가 21점 미만, 그리고 교통사고와 태풍을 경험한 적이 없는 대학생을 참가자로 선정하였다. 실험 결과, 유사 외상 상황을 경험한 동영상시청군은 동영상을 통해 경험했던 외상 사건과 관련된 특정위협단서에 주의편향을 나타냈으며, 탐침탐사과제의 자극제시시간에 따라 서로 다른 주의편향 양상을 보여주었다(실험 1). 또한 동영상시청군은 인지부하 저 조건에서 특정위협자극에 대하여 주의 간섭이 나타났으나 인지부하 고 조건에서 동영상시청군과 통제군의 주의편향이 감소하지 않는 것으로 나타났다(실험 2). 마지막으로 본 연구의 한계점과 후속연구를 위한 제언이 논의되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aimed to examine the effects of traumatic events and cognitive load on attention bias in an analogue trauma situation. In order to achieve this goal, two experiments were performed. Experiment 1 was performed to determine whether the attention of participants experiencing analogue trauma would be biased by stimuli specific to the trauma or a generalized threat. The design was a 2 (Group; trauma film exposure vs. controls) × 2 (Stimuli type; specific threat stimuli vs. general threat) × 2 (stimulus presentation time; 100 vs. 500ms) mixed-design. Experiment 2 was performed to determine whether cognitive load would reduce the attentional bias on a specific threat stimuli in an analogue traumatic situation. The design was a 2 (Group; trauma film exposure vs. controls) × 2 (Stimuli type; specific threat stimuli vs. general threat) × 2 (Cognitive load; high vs. low) mixed-design. Participants were university students who had not experienced a motor vehicle accident or typhoons, and scored below 25 on the Korean Version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-K) and below 21 on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Taken together, this study identifies that the trauma film exposure group showed attentional bias towards the film related to a specific threat stimuli. Also, the trauma film exposure group showed other attentional bias types according to stimuli presentation time of the dot probe task. These results provide useful data in order to modify attentional bias of trauma victims according to information processing stages. Finally, the limitations of this study were discussed along with suggestions for further research.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 요약
• 실험 1
• 방법
• 연구대상
• 측정도구
• 실험재료
• 실험절차
• 실험설계 및 통계분석
• 결과 및 논의
• 동영상시청군의 실험 조작 확인
• 집단, 자극제시시간 및 자극유형에 따른 주의편향
• 실험 2
• 방법
• 연구대상
• 측정도구 및 실험절차
• 실험설계 및 통계분석
• 결과 및 논의
• 동영상시청군의 실험 조작 확인
• 집단, 인지부하 및 자극유형에 따른 주의편향
• 종합논의
• 연구결과 요약 및 논의
• 본 연구의 의의
• 본 연구의 제한점 및 후속 연구 제안
• 참고문헌
• Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 은헌정, "한국판 사건충격척도 수정판의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구" 대한신경정신의학회 44 (44): 303-310, 2005

2 전겸구, "통합적 한국판CES-D 개발" 6 : 59-76, 2001

3 주혜선, "외상후 위기 체크리스트: 개발 및 타당화 연구" 한국심리학회 27 (27): 235-257, 2008

4 Van Dillen, L. F., "Working memory load reduces facilitated processing of threatening faces : An ERP study" 12 : 1340-1349, 2012

5 Conway, A. R., "Working memory and retrieval : A resource-dependent inhibition model" 123 : 354-373, 1994

6 Jeffries, F. W., "What is the role of eye movements in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing(EMDR)for post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)? A review" 41 : 290-300, 2013

7 Miller, G. A., "The magical number seven, plus or minus two : Some limits on our capacity for processing information" 63 : 81-97, 1956

8 Radloff, L. S., "The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population" 1 : 385-401, 1977

9 Erber, R., "Task effort and the regulation of mood : The absorption hypothesis" 28 : 339-359, 1992

10 Horowitz, M. J., "Stress-response syndromes : A review of posttraumatic and adjustment disorders" 37 : 241-249, 1986

11 Koster, E. H., "Selective attention to threat in the dot probe paradigm : Differentiating vigilance and difficulty to disengage" 42 : 1183-1192, 2004

12 MacLeod, C., "Selective attention and emotional vulnerability : Assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias" 111 : 107-123, 2002

13 Grey, N., "Peri-traumatic emotional ‘hotspots’ in traumatic memory : A case series of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder" 29 : 367-372, 2001

14 Cisler, J. M., "Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders : An integrative review" 30 : 203-216, 2010

15 Holmes, E. A., "Key steps in developing a cognitive vaccine against traumatic flashbacks: Visuospatial Tetris versus verbal Pub Quiz" 5 : e13706-, 2010

16 Buckley, T. C., "Information processing and PTSD : A review of the empirical literature" 28 : 1041-1065, 2000

17 Mathews, A., "Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety" 16 : 331-354, 2002

18 Leer, A., "How eye movements in EMDR work : Changes in memory vividness and emotionality" 45 : 396-401, 2014

19 Gunter, R. W., "How eye movements affect unpleasant memories : Support for a working-memory account" 46 : 913-931, 2008

20 Van Dillen, L. F., "How automatic is"automatic vigilance"? The role of working memory in attentional interference of negative information" 23 : 1106-1117, 2009

21 Allport, A., "Foundations of cognitive science" M1T 1989

22 Ahmed L., "Focusing on attention: The effects of working memory capacity and load on selective attention" 7 : e43101-, 2012

23 Andrade, J., "Eye‐movements and visual imagery : A working memory approach to the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder" 36 : 209-223, 1997

24 Buckner, J. D., "Difficulty disengaging attention from social threat in social anxiety" 34 : 99-105, 2010

25 Ouimet, A. J., "Cognitive vulnerability to anxiety : A review and an integrative model" 29 : 459-470, 2009

26 Williams, J. M. G., "Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders" Wiley 1997

27 Halligan, S. L., "Cognitive processing, memory, and the development of PTSD symptoms : Two experimental analogue studies" 33 : 73-89, 2002

28 Paas, F., "Cognitive load theory : Instructional implications of the interaction between information structures and cognitive architecture" 32 : 1-8, 2004

29 Holmes, E. A., "Can playing the computer game “Tetris” reduce the build-up of flashbacks for trauma? A proposal from cognitive science" 4 : e4153-, 2009

30 Dolcos, F., "Brain systems mediating cognitive interference by emotional distraction" 26 : 2072-2079, 2006

31 Peers, P. V., "Attentional control of emotional distraction in rapid serial visual presentation" 9 : 140-145, 2009

32 Bardeen, J. R., "Attentional control as a moderator of the relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and attentional threat bias" 25 : 1008-1018, 2011

33 Pineles, S. L., "Attentional biases in PTSD : More evidence for interference" 47 : 1050-1057, 2009

34 Bryant, R. A., "Attentional bias in posttraumatic stress disorder" 10 : 635-644, 1997

35 MacLeod, C., "Attentional bias in emotional disorders" 95 : 15-20, 1986

36 Koster, E. H., "Attention to threat in anxiety-prone individuals : Mechanisms underlying attentional bias" 30 : 635-643, 2006

37 Ellis, H. C., "Affect, cognition, and social behavior" Hogrefe 25-43, 1988

38 Ehlers, A., "A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder" 38 : 319-345, 2000

39 Chemtob, L., "A cognitive action theory of posttraumatic stress disorder" 2 : 253-275, 1988