The Design and construction of engineering foundations

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Contributors = xvii
• Preface = xix
• 1 Site investigations and preliminary considerations / F. D. C. Henry = 1
• Introduction = 1
• 1.1 Geological considerations = 3
• 1.1.1 Chemical and physical stability of rocks = 3
• 1.1.2 Structural geology in relation to engineering = 7
• 1.1.3 Considerations relating to sedimentary rocks and stratigraphy = 18
• 1.1.4 Rock mechanics = 29
• 1.2 Site investigations = 37
• 1.2.1 Field operations in site investigations = 39
• 1.2.2 Description and classification of rocks and soils = 48
• 1.2.3 Site investigation plans and maps = 65
• 1.2.4 Site plate bearing tests = 69
• 1.2.5 Field vane tests = 78
• 1.2.6 Penetration or sounding tests = 80
• 1.2.7 Pore-water pressure measurement = 82
• 1.2.8 Pressuremeters = 83
• 1.3 Potentially corrosive environments for foundation materials = 85
• 1.4 Special problems relating to particular site conditions = 90
• 1.4.1 Foundations on limestone = 90
• 1.4.2 Collapsing and aggregated soils = 98
• 1.4.3 Foundations on permafrost = 101
• 1.4.4 Foundations on fill = 104
• 1.4.5 Foundations on clays = 114
• 1.4.6 Structures in the open sea = 119
• 1.5 Selection of foundation types = 123
• 1.5.1 Site conditions = 124
• 1.5.2 Characteristics of superstructure = 124
• 1.5.3 Methods of excavation and construction = 130
• 1.5.4 Example of the selection of foundation types = 131
• 1.6 Philosophical observations on foundation engineering = 132
• 2 Deformation and groundwater problems in foundation engineering / F. D. C. Henry = 141
• Introduction = 141
• 2.1 Deformation characteristics of soils and rocks = 142
• 2.2 Stresses in soils = 147
• 2.2.1 Stresses beneath a point load = 147
• 2.2.2 Calculation of stresses beneath distributed loads = 150
• 2.2.3 Stress bulbs = 151
• 2.3 Distribution of bearing stress = 156
• 2.3.1 Observed and theoretical distributions of bearing stress = 156
• 2.3.2 Linear distributions of bearing stress = 161
• 2.4 Settlement of foundations on cohesive soils = 165
• 2.4.1 Review of the problem of settlement and related laboratory tests = 165
• 2.4.2 Immediate settlement = 171
• 2.4.3 Consolidation settlement = 177
• 2.4.4 Secondary settlement = 181
• 2.4.5 Settlement progression = 181
• 2.5 Settlement of foundations on cohesionless soils = 203
• 2.5.1 The use of plate bearing tests for predicting settlement = 203
• 2.5.2 The use of penetration tests for predicting settlement = 204
• 2.6 The effect of settlement on superstructures = 208
• 2.6.1 The general effects of settlement on superstructures = 208
• 2.6.2 Classification of settlement effects = 211
• 2.6.3 Methods of reducing differential settlement = 213
• 2.6.4 Observations of settlement = 214
• 2.7 Flow of water to excavations and boreholes = 215
• 2.7.1 Permeability = 215
• 2.7.2 Flow nets = 218
• 2.7.3 Stability of the floor of an excavation under the influence of hydrodynamic pressure = 220
• 2.7.4 Calculation of discharge of water to excavations and boreholes = 227
• 3 Stability problems in foundation engineering / F. D. C. Henry = 246
• Introduction = 246
• 3.1 Failure characteristics of soils and rocks = 247
• 3.1.1 General observations concerning failure of soils and rocks = 247
• 3.1.2 Failure in cohesionless soils = 250
• 3.1.3 Failure in cohesive soils = 252
• 3.1.4 Anisotropy = 254
• 3.1.5 Sensitivity = 254
• 3.1.6 Organic content = 257
• 3.1.7 Specimen size = 257
• 3.1.8 Rate of shearing = 258
• 3.1.9 Progressive failure = 258
• 3.1.10 Variation of shear strength with depth = 259
• 3.1.11 Further discussion of the properties of stiff fissured clays = 261
• 3.2 Analysis of the stability of hillsides and banks = 264
• 3.2.1 The classification of failures in hillsides and banks of cohesive soils = 264
• 3.2.2 Stability analyses = 268
• 3.2.3 Assessment of the stability of slopes by stability number and stability coefficients = 276
• 3.2.4 Stability of banks of cohesionless soil = 280
• 3.2.5 The application of analytical techniques to the solution of practical problems = 280
• 3.2.6 Preventative and remedial measures = 284
• 3.3 Bearing capacity of soils = 287
• 3.3.1 Characteristics of bearing failure of soils = 287
• 3.3.2 Estimation of bearing capacity based on the rupture zone hypothesis = 291
• 3.3.3 Bearing capacity of square and rectangular foundations = 297
• 3.3.4 Bearing capacity of eccentrically loaded foundations = 298
• 3.3.5 Bearing capacity of foundations subjected to inclined loads = 300
• 3.3.6 The influence of groundwater on bearing capacity = 300
• 3.3.7 Additional comments on bearing capacity = 303
• 3.3.8 The bearing capacity of cohesive soil in the undrained state beneath an embankment = 305
• 3.4 Local overstressing beneath foundations and the bearing capacity of foundations on a thin layer of cohesive soil = 315
• 3.4.1 Overstressing in a thick bed of cohesive soil = 315
• 3.4.2 The bearing capacity of a foundation on a thin layer of cohesive soil = 317
• 3.5 The design of bored piers and piles = 320
• 3.6 Bearing capacity of rock = 328
• 3.7 The investigation of failures = 330
• 3.7.1 Failure of banks and hillsides = 331
• 3.7.2 Failure of retaining walls = 331
• 3.7.3 Bearing failures beneath foundations = 336
• 4 Independent foundations / A. W. Astill = 343
• 4.1 General notes = 343
• 4.2 Transfer of load from column to footing = 344
• 4.2.1 Reinforced concrete columns = 344
• 4.2.2 Steel columns = 345
• 4.3 Transfer of load from footing to soil = 352
• 4.3.1General details = 352
• 4.3.2 Eccentricity about one axis = 353
• 4.3.3 Footings loaded eccentrically in two directions = 355
• 4.4 Design of reinforced concrete column footings = 356
• 4.4.1 Axial loading = 356
• 4.4.2 Eccentric loading = 361
• 4.5 Plain concrete foundation blocks = 368
• 4.6 Steel grillage design = 370
• 4.6.1 Concrete encased grillages = 370
• 4.6.2 Uncased grillages = 370
• 4.6.3 Grillage loaded axially = 371
• 4.6.4 Grillages loaded eccentrically along one axis = 372
• 4.7 Construction of footings = 377
• 4.7.1 General notes = 377
• 4.7.2 Reinforced concrete = 378
• 4.7.3 Steel grillages = 378
• 4.8 Cantilever foundations = 379
• 4.9 Steel column bases = 380
• 4.9.1 General notes = 380
• 4.9.2 Gusseted bases = 381
• 4.9.3 Slab bases = 382
• 4.10 Steel pedestal bases = 385
• 4.11 Deep foundations = 386
• 4.12 Foundations subjected to overturning moments and uplift = 387
• 4.13 Machine foundations = 392
• 4.13.1 General notes = 392
• 4.13.2 Criteria for design = 392
• 4.13.3 The reduction of vibration emanating from machine foundations = 394
• 4.13.4 Theory of vibrations = 397
• 4.13.5 Analysis of oscillating systems = 399
• 5 Combined foundations / A. P. S Selvadurai = 405
• Introduction = 405
• 5.1 General considerations in the analysis of stability and settlement of combined foundations = 406
• 5.1.1 Bearing capacity = 408
• 5.1.2 Settlement = 409
• 5.2 Idealized soil response for the interaction analysis of combined foundations = 410
• 5.2.1 The Winkler model = 411
• 5.2.2 The elastic solid model = 412
• 5.2.3 Two-parameter models = 413
• 5.2.4 Inelastic and time-dependent soil models = 419
• 5.2.5 Determination of constants describing the elastic soil models = 421
• 5.3 Continuous footings = 425
• 5.3.1 Analysis of infinitely long beams = 426
• 5.3.2 Three-dimensional effects in the infinite beam problem = 431
• 5.3.3 Analysis of finite beams = 435
• 5.3.4 Finite beams on a Winkler medium = 437
• 5.3.5 Finite beams on a two-parameter elastic medium = 451
• 5.3.6 Finite beams on an elastic solid medium = 455
• 5.3.7 Design of continuous footings = 462
• 5.4 Mat and raft foundations = 468
• 5.4.1 Plate theories = 470
• 5.4.2 The analysis of the infinite plate = 473
• 5.4.3 The analysis of finite plates = 476
• 5.4.4 Design of mat foundations = 480
• 5.4.5 Design of raft foundations = 483
• 5.5 Tank foundations = 495
• 6 Earth retaining structures and culverts / K. Starzewski = 502
• Introduction = 502
• 6.1 Evaluation of loads on earth retaining structures = 502
• 6.1.1 The of stress 'at rest' and the concept of 'active' and 'passive' states of limiting equilibrium = 503
• 6.1.2 Methods of evaluating loads on earth retaining structures due to the self weight of soil = 506
• 6.1.3 Effects of movement and deformation of retaining structures on total thrust and stress distribution = 517
• 6.1.4 Pore-water pressure and seepage effects(hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressures) = 524
• 6.1.5 Effects of surcharge loads = 529
• 6.1.6 Influence of special effects = 532
• 6.1.7 Physical and mechanical properties of soils = 534
• 6.2 Design and construction of retaining walls = 536
• 6.2.1 Stability and serviceability considerations = 537
• 6.2.2 Mass(gravity) retaining walls = 542
• 6.2.3 Reinforced concrete cantilever walls = 543
• 6.2.4 Reinforced concrete counterfort walls = 547
• 6.2.5 Reinforced concrete and mass retaining walls with relieving slabs = 548
• 6.2.6 Precast reinforced concrete walls = 553
• 6.2.7 Strutted excavations = 557
• 6.2.8 Cantilever and anchored sheet pile walls = 561
• 6.3 Lateral stresses on the lining of shafts = 577
• 6.4 Design and construction of culverts = 577
• 6.4.1 Determination of loads on culverts = 578
• 6.4.2 Design of box section culverts = 583
• 7 Cofferdams and caissons / I. Greeves = 584
• Introduction = 584
• 7.1 General review of the type of foundation to be used in bad ground or underwater = 584
• 7.1.1 Preliminary investigation = 584
• 7.1.2 Choice of foundation = 584
• 7.1.3 Cofferdams = 585
• 7.1.4 Caissons = 585
• 7.1.5 Cylinders = 586
• 7.1.6 Monoliths = 586
• 7.2 Types of cofferdam = 586
• 7.2.1 Gravity types = 586
• 7.2.2 Sheeted coferdams = 587
• 7.2.3 Cofferdams of rock-filled cribs = 588
• 7.2.4 Cellular cofferdams = 589
• 7.2.5 Construction of cofferdams = 590
• 7.2.6 Work carried out in tidal waters = 591
• 7.3 Design of cofferdams = 592
• 7.3.1 General design considerations for cofferdams = 592
• 7.3.2 Cofferdam of one row of sheeting internally braced = 593
• 7.3.3 Circular cofferdams = 595
• 7.3.4 Worked example of cofferdam of double row of sheeting = 596
• 7.3.5 Cofferdam of double row of sheeting with filling(Fig. 7.20) = 615
• 7.3.6 Cellular cofferdams = 617
• 7.4 Sheet piles = 623
• 7.4.1 Driving of sheet piles = 623
• 7.4.2 Water jetting = 626
• 7.4.3 Cofferdam closure = 626
• 7.4.4 Circular cofferdams = 627
• 7.4.5 Extraction of piles = 627
• 7.4.6 Cutting sheet steel piles = 628
• 7.4.7 Silent pile driving = 629
• 7.5 Open and pneumatic caissons = 629
• 7.6 Construction of cylinders, etc. = 633
• 7.6.1 Cylinders on land = 633
• 7.6.2 Cylinder sinking by well sinking methods = 634
• 7.6.3 Cylinder sinking over water = 634
• 7.6.4 Sealing of caissons = 638
• 7.6.5 Buoyant foundations = 641
• 7.6.6 The construction of monoliths = 641
• 7.6.7 The diving bell = 643
• 7.7 Underwater concreting = 644
• 7.7.1 Concrete = 644
• 7.7.2 Preparation to receive concrete = 644
• 7.7.3 Reinforcement = 645
• 7.7.4 Methods of placing concrete = 645
• 7.7.5 Use of the diving bell for underwater concreting = 647
• 7.8 The use of compressed air in excavation work = 648
• 7.8.1 The effects of compression upon workmen = 649
• 7.8.2 Use of compressed air plant in relation to ground conditions and safety = 650
• 8 Bearing piles and piling / I. A. Rennie = 652
• Introduction = 652
• 8.1 Types of pile = 653
• 8.2 Displacement piles = 657
• 8.2.1 Timber piles = 657
• 8.2.2 Precast concrete piles = 658
• 8.2.3 Prestressed concrete piles = 664
• 8.2.4 Driven cast in place piles = 665
• 8.2.5 Steel bearing piles = 672
• 8.2.6 Driving plant and hammers = 676
• 8.2.7 Pile driving by vibration = 678
• 8.3 Replacement piles = 679
• 8.3.1 Hand augered piles = 679
• 8.3.2 Percussive bored piles = 679
• 8.3.3 Auger bored piles = 682
• 8.4 Bearing capacity and settlement of piles and pile groups = 687
• 8.4.1 Bearing capacity of single piles = 687
• 8.4.2 Dynamic methods of calculating bearing capacity using driving equations = 687
• 8.4.3 Static methods of calculating bearing capacity = 692
• 8.4.4 Settlement of single piles = 711
• 8.4.5 Bearing capacity of pile groups = 713
• 8.4.6 Laterally loaded piles and pile groups = 718
• 8.4.7 Piles in fill and soft soils = 720
• 8.5 Pile caps = 722
• 8.6 Pile testing = 727
• 8.6.1 Functions of a pile test = 727
• 8.6.2 Methods of test loading = 728
• 8.6.3 Methods of measuring vertical displacement = 729
• 8.6.4 Testing procedure = 730
• 8.6.5 Interpretation of results = 733
• 8.6.6. Lateral load and vertical pulling pile tests = 734
• 8.6.7 Non-destructive pile testing = 734
• 8.7 Safety precautions = 738
• 9 Structures liable to the effects of mining subsidence / G. S. Littlejohn = 739
• Introduction = 739
• 9.1 Mechanics of mining subsidence = 740
• 9.1.l History = 740
• 9.1.2 Mining Methods = 741
• 9.1.3 The subsidence diagram = 742
• 9.1.4 Angle of draw = 742
• 9.1.5 Critical area of extraction(area of influence) = 743
• 9.1.6 Seam thickness(t) = 744
• 9.1.7 Width of working(W) = 744
• 9.1.8 Stowage = 745
• 9.1.9 Depth of working(D) = 746
• 9.1.10 Width/depth ratio(W／D) = 746
• 9.1.11 Geology of the overburden = 747
• 9.1.12 Old coal workings = 748
• 9.1.13 Presence of faults = 748
• 9.1.14 Estimation of subsidence = 748
• 9.1.15 Strains and displacements = 751
• 9.1.16 Travelling or dynamic movements = 755
• 9.1.17 Slope = 757
• 9.1.18 Inclined seams = 757
• 9.1.19 The time factor = 759
• 9.1.20 Conclusions = 763
• 9.2 Surface damage = 764
• 9.2.1 General aspects = 764
• 9.2.2 Vertical settlements = 765
• 9.2.3 Horizontal displacements = 769
• 9.3 Mining precautions against the effects of subsidence = 771
• 9.3.1 Sterilization = 771
• 9.3.2 Harmonious mining = 772
• 9.3.3 Stowing = 775
• 9.4 Structural precautions against the effects of subsidence = 776
• 9.4.1 Design for vertical movements = 776
• 9.4.2 Design for horizontal displacements = 787
• 9.4.3 Constructional considerations = 800
• 9.5 Monitoring foundation movements = 811
• 9.5.1 Layout of monitoring stations = 812
• 9.5.2 Field measurements = 813
• 9.6 General conclusions = 817
• 10 Bridge abutments and piers / W. J. Walley ; J. A. Purkiss = 821
• Introduction = 821
• 10.1 Preliminary considerations = 821
• 10.1.1 General consideration = 821
• 10.1.2 Special considerations relating to river bridges = 822
• 10.1.3 Special considerations relating to land bridges = 823
• 10.1.4 Aesthetic considerations = 825
• 10.2 Scour at river bridges = 827
• 10.3 Standard bridge loading = 830
• 10.3.1 Forces common to all bridges = 833
• 10.3.2 Highway bridge live loading = 838
• 10.3.3 Footway and cycle track live loading = 840
• 10.3.4 Railway bridge live loading = 841
• 10.4 Abutments for simply supported bridge decks = 843
• 10.4.1 General considerations = 843
• 10.4.2 Mass concrete, brick and masonry abutments = 847
• 10.4.3 Reinforced concrete cantilever abutments = 847
• 10.4.4 Reinforced concrete counterfort abutments = 849
• 10.4.5 Reinforced concrete strutted abutments = 849
• 10.4.6 Reinforced concrete U-shaped and T-shaped abutments = 850
• 10.4.7 Skeleton abutments and bank seats = 852
• 10.4.8 Counterbalanced and cellular abutments = 853
• 10.5 Abutments for portal frame and arch bridges = 854
• 10.5.1 General considerations = 854
• 10.5.2 Portal frame abutments = 855
• 10.5.3 Arch abutments = 855
• 10.6 Bridge piers = 858
• 10.6.1 Types of piers = 858
• 10.6.2 Design considerations = 859
• 10.7 Abutments and piers for moveable bridges = 863
• 10.8 Bridge bearings and articulation systems = 866
• 10.8.1 Introduction = 866
• 10.8.2 Bearing design and performance = 869
• 10.9 Design example Calculation of design moments and forces for a cantilever abutment = 875
• 10.9.1 Basic specification = 875
• 10.9.2 Loading(characteristic forces per metre width of abutment) = 875
• 10.9.3 Choice of overall proportions = 876
• 10.9.4 Adequacy of foundation = 877
• 10.9.5 Determination of design moments and forces = 878
• 10.9.6 Summary of design moments and shears = 883
• 11 Miscellaneous foundation problems / K. Elson ; D. A. Greenwood = 885
• Introduction = 885
• 11.1 De-watering = 885
• 11.2 Drainage and preloading = 889
• 11.3 Deep ground improvement by vibration and tamping = 890
• 11.3.1 Vibratory systems = 891
• 11.3.2 Soils responsive to vibratory compaction = 895
• 11.3.3 Arrangement of vibratory compactions = 897
• 11.3.4 Earthquake resistance = 899
• 11.3.5 Design of gravel columns and sand piles in cohesive soils = 899
• 11.3.6 Application in heterogeneous strata = 907
• 11.3.7 Practical constraints = 907
• 11.3.8 Quality control = 908
• 11.3.9 Deep compaction by heavy tamping = 909
• 11.3.10 Vibration nuisance and damage to structures = 915
• 11.4 Grouting in geotechnics = 916
• 11.4.1 Injection constraints = 918
• 11.4.2 Site investigation = 918
• 11.4.3 Technique of repetition = 919
• 11.4.4 Grout holes and stages = 921
• 11.4.5 Hydrofracture and permeation techniques = 923
• 11.4.6 Effects of consolidation('bleed') of particulate grouts = 926
• 11.4.7 Filtration = 926
• 11.4.8 Permeation with chemical grouts = 927
• 11.4.9 Permeation limits = 929
• 11.4.10 Hydrofracture = 929
• 11.4.11 Squeeze grouting = 931
• 11.4.12 Examples of grouting techniques = 931
• 11.4.13 Hydraulic displacement after injection = 933
• 11.4.14 Permanence of grout treatment = 934
• 11.4.15 Toxic hazards = 935
• 11.4.16 Structural design with grouted soils = 935
• 11.4.17 Quality control tests = 936
• 11.4.18 Grouting equipment = 937
• 11.4.19 Mix-in-place methods = 939
• 11.4.20 Grouting contract philosophy = 940
• 11.5 Diaphragm walls = 940
• 11.6 Ground anchors = 946
• 11.6.1 Anchor design = 947
• 11.6.2 Other design considerations = 949
• 11.7 Pressure of concrete on formwork = 950
• 11.8 General review of underpinning = 956
• 11.8.1 Underpinning methods = 964
• 11.8.2 Examples of underpinning = 967
• 11.8.3 Moving complete structures = 970
• Appendix The structural analysis of pile groups / F. D. C. Henry = 973
• A.1 Graphical analysis of pile groups = 974
• A.1.1 Hinged-ended piles = 975
• A.1.2 Fixed-ended piles = 977
• A.2 Numerical analysis of pile groups = 980
• A.2.1 Bending stiffness neglected = 982
• A.2.2 Bending stiffness included = 985
• References = 990
• Index = 1065