1 Hayford,Harrison, "White-Jacket or The World in a Man-of-War" Evanston: Northwestern UP 1970
2 Blair, Ruth, "Type" Oxford: Oxford UP 1996
3 Gasché, Rodolphe, "The Scene of Writing: A Deferred Outset(Glyph: Johns Hopkins Textual Studies)" Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP 1977
4 Chai, Leon, "The Romantic Foundations of the American Renaissance" Ithaca: Cornell UP 1987
5 Bakhtin, Mikhail M., "The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays" Austin: U of Texas P 1981
6 Chase, Richard, "The American Novel and Its Tradition" Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co. 1957
7 Bender, Bert, "Sea-Brothers: The Tradition of American Sea Fiction from Moby-Dick to the Present" Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P 1998
8 Beaver, Harold, "Redburn: His First Voyage, Being the Sailor-boy Confessions and Reminiscences of the Son-of-a-Gentleman, in the Merchant Service" London: Penguin 1976
9 김진호, "Moby-Dick 나타난 비극적 세계상" 40 (40): 33-63, 1998
10 Hayford,Harrison, "Moby-Dick" New York: W∙W∙Norton 1967
1 Hayford,Harrison, "White-Jacket or The World in a Man-of-War" Evanston: Northwestern UP 1970
2 Blair, Ruth, "Type" Oxford: Oxford UP 1996
3 Gasché, Rodolphe, "The Scene of Writing: A Deferred Outset(Glyph: Johns Hopkins Textual Studies)" Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP 1977
4 Chai, Leon, "The Romantic Foundations of the American Renaissance" Ithaca: Cornell UP 1987
5 Bakhtin, Mikhail M., "The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays" Austin: U of Texas P 1981
6 Chase, Richard, "The American Novel and Its Tradition" Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co. 1957
7 Bender, Bert, "Sea-Brothers: The Tradition of American Sea Fiction from Moby-Dick to the Present" Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P 1998
8 Beaver, Harold, "Redburn: His First Voyage, Being the Sailor-boy Confessions and Reminiscences of the Son-of-a-Gentleman, in the Merchant Service" London: Penguin 1976
9 김진호, "Moby-Dick 나타난 비극적 세계상" 40 (40): 33-63, 1998
10 Hayford,Harrison, "Moby-Dick" New York: W∙W∙Norton 1967
11 Lee, Maurice S, "Melville's Subversive Political Philosophy: benito Cereno and the Fate of Speech" 72 : 495-519, 2000
12 Baym, Nina, "Melville's Quarrel with Fiction" 94 : 909-23, 1979
13 Hayford, Harrison, "Melville's Letters(Moby-Dick)" New York: W∙W∙Norton 511-568, 1967
14 Lauter, Paul, "Melville Climbs the Canon" 66 : 1-24, 1994
15 James, C.L.R., "Marines, Renegades & Castaways: The Story of Herman Melville and the World We Live In" Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College 1978
16 "Mardi and A Voyage Thither" Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern UP 1970
17 Shakespeare, William, "Macbeth" London: Methue 1962
18 Spengemann, William C., "Introduction( Pierre or The Ambiguities)" New York: Penguin vii-xx, 1996
19 Rollyson, Carl, "Herman Melville A To Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work" New York: Checkmark 2001
20 Arvin, Newton, "Herman Melville" Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 1950
21 Dimock, Wai-che, "Empire for Liberty: Melville and the Poetics of Individualism" Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP 1989
22 Melville, Herman, "Billy Budd, Sailor and Selected Tales" Oxford: Oxford UP 1997
23 Reynolds, David S., "Beneath the American Renaissance: The Subversive Imagination in the Age of Emerson and Melville" Cambridge: Harvard UP 1988
24 Matthiessen, Francis Otto, "American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman" New York: Oxford UP 1941