조선시대 代加 관련 古文書와 文科榜目 급제자의 文․武散階 記載 = Age-old documents related to the Joseon dynasty's Dae'ga/代加 institution, and the Mun'gwa Bangmok(文科榜目)'s recording of the Civilian & Army San'gye(文․武散階) ranks of the successful passers of the National examination

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Dae'ga/代加 institution of the Joseon society was a system that hugely contributed to the Yangban figures' maintaining of their social rank and authority. The term 'Dae'ga/代加' refers to the practice of a governmental official 'conveying' a rank or post bestowed from the king for a special occasion (hence also called as "Byeol'ga/別加," which meant a special, additional bestowal of a rank["Ga'ja/加資"]) to "someone else." The rank in question was conveyed to the official's son or son-in-law, or brother or even a nephew.
During the Joseon period, whenever there was a cause for celebration, the king would execute special bestowals for the officials, and also for officials who oversaw either major or minor occasions of the government. The officials would add those ranks to their previous ranks. But certain officials, especially the Dang'ha-gwan officials(堂下官) who reached the "Ja'gung/資窮" status (the "End of Line," usually the Jeong[正]-Third Grade[三品] Dang'ha officials) and Dang'sang-gwan officials(堂上官), were not allowed to add such ranks("Sang'gye, 散階") to their previous ranks, and instead were instructed to 'convey("Dae'ga, 代加")' them to their near relatives.
In Joseon, such special bestowals of ranks were rather frequent. So, even the relatively junior members of the government, occupying seats like Jong[宗]-Sixth Grade[六品], would find themselves easily promoted, swiftly reaching the aforementioned "Ja'gung" status, and eventually 'conveying' superfluous ranks to their relatives. There were many people who were the relatives of the governmental officials, so they all received San'gye ranks because of their such status, and they got to enjoy many privileges. This system was initiated in 1449(31st year of King Sejong's reign), and continued through the 1890s, nearing the end of the Joseon dynasty.
Age-old documents related to the Joseon dynasty's Dae'ga/代加 institution can easily be found from all the archives of the Yangban families which had ancestors who had served in the government in the past. The ones that are presented in this article occupies only a small part of the entire collection of documents that are available for examination today. Through these old documents, we can identify total of six groups of people, who displayed different ways in obtaining both Civilian and Army San'gye ranks(文․武散階) through the Dae'ga/代加 practices. People who secured these ranks and later passed the National Examination, were able to rise to important positions in the government, were offered with a variety of privileges, and later provided their own relatives with ranks through the Dae'ga/代加 system.
Successful passers of the National Examination, who also already had San'gye ranks, appear for the first time in 1451(first year of King Munjong's reign). The number started to increase in 1454(2nd year of King Danjong's reign), and in 1477(8th year of King Seongjong's reign) it reached 13, which was more than the number of successful passers who originally had the status of either Saeng'weon/生員 or Jin'sa/進士. Since 1623(first year of King Injo's reign), most of the San'gye- carrying National examination passers were the ones who had obtained Civilian San'gye ranks instead of military ones, and in most cases they had the Tong'deok-rang/通德郞 rank(Joeng[正] 5th Grade[五品]). People equipped with the Tong'deok-rang rank and passed the national exam, easily reached the status of 'Ja'gung' and helped their relatives with the Dae'ga practice.
There were many problems with the Dae'ga institution, but it lasted 400 years nonetheless, because it helped the Yangban class to maintain their interests and fortify their position. The Dae'ga system itself lets us know that the Joseon Yangban society was a privileged community of the nobility.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

조선시대의 代加制度는 양반사회가 그 신분적 지위를 유지하는데 크게 기여한 제도였다. 代加는 나라에서 관원에게 내려준 別加(특별 加資)를 자신이 받지 못하고 대신 子․壻․弟․姪 등 친족에게 주는 제도이다. 조선시대에는 나라에 경사가 있을 때 백관에게 별가를 내렸고, 크고 작은 일이 있을 때에도 이에 참여한 관원들에게 별가를 내렸는데, 별가를 받은 관원으로서 資窮(정3품 당하)에 이른 堂下官과 堂上官은 별가 받은 散階를 자신에게 더하지 못하고 가까운 친족에게 대신 주도록 되어있었다. 그런데 조선시대에는 자주 백관에게 별가가 내려졌으므로 종6품 정도의 낮은 관직에 있는 관원이라도 쉽게 資窮에 이르러 친족에게 代加할 수 있었다. 따라서 관직에 나아간 자가 있는 양반가문의 친족들은 대가를 받아 散階를 받은 사람이 많이 있었고, 이에 따라 여러 가지 특전을 누릴 수 있었다. 이 제도는 세종 31년(1449)에 시작되어 1890년대까지 계속되었다.
조선시대 代加 관련 古文書는 관직에 나아간 자가 있는 양반가문의 古文書에서 쉽게 찾을 수 있다. 본고에서 제시한 것은 그 가운데 극히 일부에 해당하는 것이다. 이 고문서를 통하여 代加를 받아 文․武散階를 갖게 된 사람들의 형태를 구분해 보면 여섯 부류로 나눌 수 있는데, 그 가운데 代加로 받은 문․무산계를 가지고 문과에 급제한 사람들은 여러 가지 특전을 누리면서 유리한 관직생활을 할 수 있었고, 친족들에게 代加를 할 수 있었다.
문․무산계를 가진 문과급제자는 문종 원년(1451)부터 나오며, 단종 2년(1454)부터 그 수효가 점차 증가하여 성종 8년(1477)에는 生員, 進士로서 급제한 수효보다 많은 13인에 이르렀다. 인조 원년(1623) 이후 산계를 가진 문과 급제자는 주로 문산계를 가진 자들로 채워졌고, 그 대부분이 通德郞(정5품)이었다. 통덕랑의 산계를 가지고 문과에 급제한 자들은 쉽게 資窮에 이르러 그들의 친족들에게 代加할 수 있었다.
대가제도는 여러 가지 폐단이 있었으나 400여 년간 지속될 수 있었던 것은 양반계층이 그들의 지위를 유지하는데 유리했기 때문이었다. 즉 대가제도는 조선시대 양반사회가 특권적 귀족사회의 성격을 갖고 있었다는 사실을 전해주고 있는 것이다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

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10 "太祖實錄"

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