River pollution : an ecological perspective

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xi
• Acknowledgements = xiii
• 1 What is pollution? = 1
• What are rivers? = 1
• What does Man do to rivers? = 6
• What is pollution? = 7
• Is there natural pollution? = 7
• What grows in rivers? = 8
• What causes pollution? = 8
• Domestic effluents = 12
• Industrial effluents = 14
• Farming = 15
• Eutrophication and acidification = 15
• Discussion = 15
• 2 Pollution, ancient and modern = 17
• Domestic pollution = 18
• Farming = 23
• Mining, quarrying and gravel extraction = 26
• Other industrial pollution = 26
• 3 Ecosystems and pollution = 30
• The study of river life = 30
• Receiving waters = 31
• Where the plants and animals are found = 33
• Communities = 34
• Pollution effects on communities = 34
• Other assessments, discussion = 37
• Purification by macrophytes = 37
• 4 The effect of pollution on plants = 39
• Macrophytes: distribution = 39
• How macrophyte habit is affected by pollution = 55
• Sewage fungus = 56
• Microphytes = 57
• Pollution and the organism = 58
• Nutrients = 59
• Heavy metals = 59
• Biocides = 63
• Chlorine = 63
• Surfactants = 63
• Radioactive wastes = 63
• Salinity and chlorides = 64
• Acidification = 64
• Waste heat (thermal pollution) = 64
• Suspended solids = 65
• Sediments = 65
• 5 Effect of pollution on animals = 68
• Fish = 68
• Macro-invertebrates = 71
• Micro-invertebrates = 74
• Birds = 74
• Mammals = 80
• Pollution in the organism = 80
• Organic pollution and nutrients = 85
• Biocides = 85
• Heavy metals = 87
• Radioactivity = 89
• pH = 90
• Waste heat = 90
• Suspended solids = 90
• 6 When one thing is added to another = 92
• How damage works = 93
• Rivers under several influences = 93
• A stream with a history: the upper Wylye = 100
• Management in the Somerset Levels = 108
• Otters = 110
• Brown trout = 111
• Electricity generation = 112
• 7 Diagnostic methods = 116
• Macrophyte monitoring = 117
• Diatom indices = 130
• Ecotoxicology, plants = 130
• Fish monitoring = 133
• Invertebrate monitoring = 133
• Other animal survey methods = 138
• Ecotoxicology, animals = 138
• 8 Structural damage: physical damage not due to pollution = 139
• What is river structure? = 142
• Why is structure lost? = 144
• Loss and alteration of stream = 146
• Effects of loss of structure = 150
• Effects of flow controls on structure = 153
• Channel maintenance practices affecting structure = 154
• Rivers in settlements = 155
• Recreational and navigational disturbance to structure = 156
• Finally, the water = 157
• 9 Within-river pollution = 158
• Gravel extraction and quarries = 158
• Inland fisheries = 159
• Rice paddies = 161
• Watercress beds = 162
• Danish ochre streams = 162
• Boats = 163
• Washing = 163
• Biocides = 163
• Sheepdip = 165
• 10 Domestic and industrial pollution = 166
• Macrophyte variation between countries and regions, 1977-84 = 166
• Variations in site diversity = 166
• Variations in site diversity of pollution-tolerant species = 167
• A detailed pollution study = 171
• The Lower Don, Scotland = 171
• Pollution ecology in various rivers = 175
• Great Scour, England = 175
• Friedberger and Moosach, Germany = 178
• Amal, Israel = 179
• Small-scale vegetation patterns = 179
• Cole, England = 179
• Lake District stream, England = 181
• Ebbw, Wales = 182
• Tyne tributaries, England = 183
• Syr, Luxembourg = 183
• 11 Pollution from rural land use = 187
• Total impact (Cover-Diversity number) = 188
• Nutrient-poor influences = 192
• Nutrient-rich influences = 194
• Downstream eucrophication = 198
• Farming = 199
• Alluvial plains = 200
• Purifying influences = 200
• Sediment erosion = 202
• Polluted groundwater = 203
• Poisonous run-off = 204
• Recreation = 207
• 12 Conclusions = 209
• Appendices
• 1 Early river vegetation = 217
• 2 Recommendations for maintaining dykes (ditches) in alluvial plains, for conservation = 219
• 3 Biological methods of assessment, survey and analysis = 221
• 4 Directives of the Commission of the European Communities governing the required water quality in the Community = 222
• 5 EEC 'Black' and 'Grey' list substances = 224
• 6 List of principal insecticides, grouped according to the three main types = 225
• 7 A key to the commoner species of rivers = 228
• Bibliography = 236
• General Index = 250
• Species Index = 252