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      Curvature effects on surface plasmon resonance for wearable devices

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      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T16626668

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      국문 초록 (Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

      최근 수 십년간 플라스모닉스 응용 연구는 다양한 분야에서 활발하게 이루어져 왔다. 표면에서 강하게 집속되는 전기장을 이용하여 생체시료를 고감도로 검출, 화학 반응의 촉진, 그리고 기존에 달성할 수 없었던 새로운 광학적 특성을 구현해내는 등 다양한 학술 분야에서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 본 논문은 기존 평판 구조 기반의 플라스모닉스 연구에서 한 걸음 더 나아가 곡면을 갖는 플라스모닉 소자에 대해 표면 플라스몬 공명 특성을 연구하였고, 향후 플라스모닉 메타물질 등 곡면 플라스모닉 소자에 널리 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 웨어러블 소자 개발에 대한 기술적 트렌드에 발맞추어 플라스모닉스가 웨어러블 소자에 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 보여준다.
      제 1장에서는 플라스모닉 소자의 제작과 측정 등에 대한 기초적인 내용에 대해 기술하였다. 나노구조가 플라스모닉스에서 어떻게 활용되는지 살펴보았고 곡면 소자에서의 플라스모닉스 연구 동향에 대해 알아보았다. 이어 플라스모닉 소자에서 핵심적인 전자빔 리소그래피를 이용한 소자 제작에 대한 기술을 하였다. 기존 단일층 전자빔 레지스트 기반의 공정에서는 100 nm 이하의 소자제작 분해능을 달성하기 어려웠던 반면, 이중층 전자빔 레지스트 공정을 적용하여 약 70 nm 수준의 소자 제작 분해능이 달성 가능함을 보였다. 또한 곡면 구조를 제작하기 위해 기존 마이크로 렌즈 제작 등에 활용되던 열 재유동 (thermal reflow) 공정을 적용하여 플라스모닉 곡면 소자 제작하였다. 끝으로 플라스모닉 소자의 여러가지 광학적 측정 방법들에 대해 알아보고, 광시야 조명 (wide-field illumination) 광학계를 활용해 플라스모닉 소자의 특성을 측정하고 그 결과를 보였다.
      제 2장에서는 곡면 플라스모닉 소자에 대해서도 평판 계산이 수행되던 기존 연구의 한계를 극복하기 위해 분할파 분석 (Segmented-wave analysis) 방법을 제안하였다. 분할파 분석법은 곡면을 분할하여 전체 곡면 소자의 특성을 근사하는 방법이다. 분할파 분석법을 이용하여 기존 광학 계산 방법으로 수행하기 어려웠던 대면적 비주기 곡면 구조를 매우 빠른 시간에 계산할 수 있음을 곡면 소자의 표면 플라스몬 공명 (Surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 계산을 통해 보였다. 또한 바이오 센서로서 성능을 평가하기 위한 센서 감도를 DNA 혼성화 모델을 이용해 계산하였다. 이후 분할파 분석법을 검증하기 위해 작은 곡면 구조에서 더 작은 단위로 곡면을 분할하였고, 유한요소법 (Finite element method, FEM)을 이용하여 분할파 분석법에 대한 검증을 수행하였다. 분할파 분석법과 유한요소법을 비교하여 분할파 분석법의 한계와 유효성에 대한 검토를 수행하였으며, 특히 수직 입사 조건 (perpendicular incidence)에서 분할파 분석법이 높은 곡률에서도 유효성을 가짐을 확인하였다.
      제 3장에서는 실험적 검증을 위해 곡면 플라스모닉 소자를 직접 제작하여 SPR 특성을 측정하고, 분할파 분석법 및 유한요소법 결과와 비교하였다. 실험 결과를 통해 분할파 분석법이 실제 곡면 소자의 성능을 평가하는 데에 유의미한 결과를 제시할 수 있음을 확인하였고, 유한요소법과 상보적으로 곡면 플라스모닉 소자를 분석하는 데에 중요한 방법이 될 수 있음을 보였다.
      번역하기

      최근 수 십년간 플라스모닉스 응용 연구는 다양한 분야에서 활발하게 이루어져 왔다. 표면에서 강하게 집속되는 전기장을 이용하여 생체시료를 고감도로 검출, 화학 반응의 촉진, 그리고 기...

      최근 수 십년간 플라스모닉스 응용 연구는 다양한 분야에서 활발하게 이루어져 왔다. 표면에서 강하게 집속되는 전기장을 이용하여 생체시료를 고감도로 검출, 화학 반응의 촉진, 그리고 기존에 달성할 수 없었던 새로운 광학적 특성을 구현해내는 등 다양한 학술 분야에서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 본 논문은 기존 평판 구조 기반의 플라스모닉스 연구에서 한 걸음 더 나아가 곡면을 갖는 플라스모닉 소자에 대해 표면 플라스몬 공명 특성을 연구하였고, 향후 플라스모닉 메타물질 등 곡면 플라스모닉 소자에 널리 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 웨어러블 소자 개발에 대한 기술적 트렌드에 발맞추어 플라스모닉스가 웨어러블 소자에 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 보여준다.
      제 1장에서는 플라스모닉 소자의 제작과 측정 등에 대한 기초적인 내용에 대해 기술하였다. 나노구조가 플라스모닉스에서 어떻게 활용되는지 살펴보았고 곡면 소자에서의 플라스모닉스 연구 동향에 대해 알아보았다. 이어 플라스모닉 소자에서 핵심적인 전자빔 리소그래피를 이용한 소자 제작에 대한 기술을 하였다. 기존 단일층 전자빔 레지스트 기반의 공정에서는 100 nm 이하의 소자제작 분해능을 달성하기 어려웠던 반면, 이중층 전자빔 레지스트 공정을 적용하여 약 70 nm 수준의 소자 제작 분해능이 달성 가능함을 보였다. 또한 곡면 구조를 제작하기 위해 기존 마이크로 렌즈 제작 등에 활용되던 열 재유동 (thermal reflow) 공정을 적용하여 플라스모닉 곡면 소자 제작하였다. 끝으로 플라스모닉 소자의 여러가지 광학적 측정 방법들에 대해 알아보고, 광시야 조명 (wide-field illumination) 광학계를 활용해 플라스모닉 소자의 특성을 측정하고 그 결과를 보였다.
      제 2장에서는 곡면 플라스모닉 소자에 대해서도 평판 계산이 수행되던 기존 연구의 한계를 극복하기 위해 분할파 분석 (Segmented-wave analysis) 방법을 제안하였다. 분할파 분석법은 곡면을 분할하여 전체 곡면 소자의 특성을 근사하는 방법이다. 분할파 분석법을 이용하여 기존 광학 계산 방법으로 수행하기 어려웠던 대면적 비주기 곡면 구조를 매우 빠른 시간에 계산할 수 있음을 곡면 소자의 표면 플라스몬 공명 (Surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 계산을 통해 보였다. 또한 바이오 센서로서 성능을 평가하기 위한 센서 감도를 DNA 혼성화 모델을 이용해 계산하였다. 이후 분할파 분석법을 검증하기 위해 작은 곡면 구조에서 더 작은 단위로 곡면을 분할하였고, 유한요소법 (Finite element method, FEM)을 이용하여 분할파 분석법에 대한 검증을 수행하였다. 분할파 분석법과 유한요소법을 비교하여 분할파 분석법의 한계와 유효성에 대한 검토를 수행하였으며, 특히 수직 입사 조건 (perpendicular incidence)에서 분할파 분석법이 높은 곡률에서도 유효성을 가짐을 확인하였다.
      제 3장에서는 실험적 검증을 위해 곡면 플라스모닉 소자를 직접 제작하여 SPR 특성을 측정하고, 분할파 분석법 및 유한요소법 결과와 비교하였다. 실험 결과를 통해 분할파 분석법이 실제 곡면 소자의 성능을 평가하는 데에 유의미한 결과를 제시할 수 있음을 확인하였고, 유한요소법과 상보적으로 곡면 플라스모닉 소자를 분석하는 데에 중요한 방법이 될 수 있음을 보였다.

      더보기

      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

      In recent decades, plasmonics and its application research have been actively conducted in various fields. It plays an important role in various research fields, such as detecting biological samples with high sensitivity using an electric field strongly confined on the surface, promoting chemical reactions, and generating unprecedented optical properties. In this paper, we went one step further from the conventional planar structure-based plasmonics research and studied the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) characteristics of curved plasmonic devices, which will be widely used in a wearable platform such as plasmonic metamaterials in the future. This study shows the possibility that plasmonics can be used in wearable devices in line with the technological trend for wearable device development.
      In Chapter 1, the fundamental concepts of the fabrication and measurement of curved plasmonic devices are described. How curved structures are utilized in plasmonics, and plasmonics research trends in curved surfaces are presented. Subsequently, the technology for device fabrication using electron beam lithography (EBL), which is a key element in plasmonic devices, is described. In addition, to fabricate the curved structure, a curved plasmonic device is fabricated by applying the thermal reflow process used in conventional microlens fabrication. Finally, a few types of optical measurement methods of the plasmonic device were explored, and the characteristics of the plasmonic device are measured using a wide-field illumination optical system and the results are shown.
      In Chapter 2, segmented-based method is proposed to overcome the limitations of previous studies in which planar-based calculation was performed for curved plasmonic devices. The segmented-wave analysis is a method of approximating the characteristics of an entire curved surface by dividing a curved surface. It is shown through SPR calculation of a curved device that the segmented-wave analysis can be used to calculate a large-area aperiodic curved structure in a very short time, which was difficult to perform with conventional optical calculation methods. In addition, the sensor sensitivity to evaluate the performance as a biosensor is calculated using a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization model. Furthermore, the curved surface was divided into shorter lengths to model a small, curved surface structure. Finally, segmented-wave analysis is validated using the finite element method (FEM). The evaluation of limitations and effectiveness of the segmented-wave analysis are performed by comparing it with the FEM.
      In Chapter 3, a curved plasmonic device is fabricated to characterize the experimental results of the SPR, and the results are compared with the calculation results. It was confirmed that the segmented-wave analysis can provide a highly efficient method to evaluate the performance of the curved plasmonic surface.
      번역하기

      In recent decades, plasmonics and its application research have been actively conducted in various fields. It plays an important role in various research fields, such as detecting biological samples with high sensitivity using an electric field strong...

      In recent decades, plasmonics and its application research have been actively conducted in various fields. It plays an important role in various research fields, such as detecting biological samples with high sensitivity using an electric field strongly confined on the surface, promoting chemical reactions, and generating unprecedented optical properties. In this paper, we went one step further from the conventional planar structure-based plasmonics research and studied the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) characteristics of curved plasmonic devices, which will be widely used in a wearable platform such as plasmonic metamaterials in the future. This study shows the possibility that plasmonics can be used in wearable devices in line with the technological trend for wearable device development.
      In Chapter 1, the fundamental concepts of the fabrication and measurement of curved plasmonic devices are described. How curved structures are utilized in plasmonics, and plasmonics research trends in curved surfaces are presented. Subsequently, the technology for device fabrication using electron beam lithography (EBL), which is a key element in plasmonic devices, is described. In addition, to fabricate the curved structure, a curved plasmonic device is fabricated by applying the thermal reflow process used in conventional microlens fabrication. Finally, a few types of optical measurement methods of the plasmonic device were explored, and the characteristics of the plasmonic device are measured using a wide-field illumination optical system and the results are shown.
      In Chapter 2, segmented-based method is proposed to overcome the limitations of previous studies in which planar-based calculation was performed for curved plasmonic devices. The segmented-wave analysis is a method of approximating the characteristics of an entire curved surface by dividing a curved surface. It is shown through SPR calculation of a curved device that the segmented-wave analysis can be used to calculate a large-area aperiodic curved structure in a very short time, which was difficult to perform with conventional optical calculation methods. In addition, the sensor sensitivity to evaluate the performance as a biosensor is calculated using a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization model. Furthermore, the curved surface was divided into shorter lengths to model a small, curved surface structure. Finally, segmented-wave analysis is validated using the finite element method (FEM). The evaluation of limitations and effectiveness of the segmented-wave analysis are performed by comparing it with the FEM.
      In Chapter 3, a curved plasmonic device is fabricated to characterize the experimental results of the SPR, and the results are compared with the calculation results. It was confirmed that the segmented-wave analysis can provide a highly efficient method to evaluate the performance of the curved plasmonic surface.

      더보기

      목차 (Table of Contents)

      • List of figures iii
      • List of abbreviations xii
      • Abstract xiv
      • 1. Introduction 1
      • 1.1 Surface plasmon.................................................................................................3
      • List of figures iii
      • List of abbreviations xii
      • Abstract xiv
      • 1. Introduction 1
      • 1.1 Surface plasmon.................................................................................................3
      • 1.1.1 Dispersion relation..................................................................................4
      • 1.1.2 Propagating surface plasmon.................................................................7
      • 1.1.3 Localized surface plasmon.....................................................................9
      • 1.1.4 Surface plasmon resonance sensors.....................................................14
      • 1.1.5 Plasmonic metamaterials………..........................................................18
      • 1.2 Plasmonic devices with curvature……............................................................20
      • 1.2.1 Plasmonics in the curved surface..........................................................20
      • 1.2.2 Analysis of curved surface based on segmentation….........................21
      • 1.2.3 Device fabrication by electron beam lithography.................................22
      • 1.2.3.1 Planar plasmonic device.............................................................22
      • 1.2.3.2 Curved plasmonic device…………............................................30
      • 1.2.4 Measurement of plasmonic device.......................................................32
      • 1.2.4.1 Measurement methods………………….....................................32
      • 1.2.4.2 Experimental results and discussion............................................37
      • 1.2.4.3 Summary......................................................................................39
      • 2. Evaluation of surface plasmon resonance on a curved surface 40
      • 2.1 Segmented-wave analysis….…......………….................................................43
      • 2.1.1 Segmented-based model...…….............................................................43
      • 2.1.2 Potentials and limitations……………...................................................46
      • 2.2 Evaluation of surface plasmon resonance with low curvature.........................48
      • 2.2.1 Momentum matching on single curvature surface…….......................48
      • 2.2.2 Resonance characteristics on single curvature surface…...................50
      • 2.2.3 Detection characteristics for biosensors………...........………….……58
      • 2.2.4 Extension to multi-curvature surface……............................................60
      • 2.2.5 Discussion..............................................................................................63
      • 2.2.6 Summary................................................................................................65
      • 2.3 Surface plasmon resonance with high curvature……………...........................66
      • 2.3.1 Methods and models...............................................................................67
      • 2.3.1.1 Segmentation for high curvature................................................67
      • 2.3.1.2 FEM modeling for validation.....................................................71
      • 2.3.1.3 Computational resources.............................................................72
      • 2.3.2 Results and discussion……………………………...............................73
      • 2.3.2.1 Curvature effects on the resonance characteristics.…………....73
      • 2.3.2.2 Validation against near-field analysis.........................................76
      • 2.3.2.3 Detection characteristics for biosensor…..................................85
      • 2.3.2.4 Extension to a flexible substrate................................................86
      • 2.3.3 Summary………………………………................................................92
      • 3. Surface plasmon resonance on the curved plasmonic surface 93
      • 3.1 Methods and materials………………………………………….....................94
      • 3.1.1 Fabrication of the curved plasmonic devices…....................................94
      • 3.1.2 Numerical calculation……………………..…......................................95
      • 3.1.3 Optical set-up……….……………………..…......................................96
      • 3.1.4 Curvature measurement ........................................................................98
      • 3.1.5 Measurement of surface plasmon resonance characteristics.................99
      • 3.2 Results and discussion…………....................................................................101
      • 3.2.1 Numerical results….………………............………….………..….....101
      • 3.2.2 Experimental results.……………………..…….................................106
      • 3.2.3 Discussion….……….……………………...…...................................109
      • 3.3 Summary.....................…………………………………………...................112
      • 4. Conclusion and outlook 113
      • 4.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................113
      • 4.2 Outlook…………………………………………...........................................115
      • List of references 117
      • Publication list 134
      • 국문요약 136
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      참고문헌 (Reference)

      1. Antennas for light,, N. van Hulst, L. Novotny, 5(2), 83-90, , 2011

      2. Optics in curved space, S. Nolte, F. Dreisow, U. Peschel, S. Longhi, A. Tünnermann, A. Szameit, V. H. Schultheiss, S. Batz, 105(14), 143901, , 2010

      3. Surface-enhanced fluorescence, E. Fort, S. Grésillon, 41, 013001, , 2008

      4. Surface-enhanced spectroscopy, M. Moskovits, 57(3), 783, , 1985

      5. Plasmonics for future biosensors,, A. G. Brolo, 6, 709-713, , 2012

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