Modern welding technology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = ⅸ
• Acknowledgments = xi
• 1 Welding Background = 1
• 1－1 The Importance of Welding = 1
• 1－2 Welding Joins All Metals = 3
• 1－3 historical Development of Welding = 5
• 1－4 The Welding Industry and Its Future = 8
• Questions = 11
• References = 12
• 2 Fundamentals of Welding = 13
• 2－1 Welding Basics = 13
• 2－2 Welding Processes and Grouping = 17
• 2－3 Methods of Applying Welding = 18
• 2－4 Welding Procedures = 22
• 2－5 Welding Electricity = 23
• 2－6 Welding Physics and Chemistry = 26
• Questions = 29
• Reference = 29
• 3 Welding Careers, Training and Certification = 30
• 3－1 Welders : What They Do and Where They Work = 30
• 3－2 Welding Careers, Training and Certification = 36
• 3－3 Welder Training Programs and Schools = 37
• 3－4 Training and Qualifying Welding Personnel = 39
• Questions = 41
• References = 41
• 4 Safety and Health of Welders = 42
• 4－1 Personnel Protection and Safety Rules = 42
• 4－2 Electrical Shock hazard = 48
• 4－3 Arc Radiation Hazard = 50
• 4－4 Air Contamination Hazard = 53
• 4－5 Fire and Explosion Hazard = 59
• 4－6 Compressed Gases Hazard = 63
• 4－7 Weld Cleaning and Other Hazards = 64
• 4－8 Safety for Specific Welding Processes and Occupations = 65
• Questions = 65
• References = 66
• 5 Arc Welding with a Nonconsumable Electrode = 78
• 5－1 The Nonconsumable Welding Arc = 67
• 5－2 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding = 71
• 5－3 Plasma Arc Welding = 81
• 5－4 Carbon Arc Welding = 89
• 5－5 Stud Welding = 92
• 5－6 Other Nonconsumable Arc Welding Processes = 98
• Questions = 100
• References = 100
• 6 Arc Welding with a Consumable Electrode = 102
• 6－1 The Consumable Welding Arc = 102
• 6－2 Metal Transfer Across the Arc = 109
• 6－3 Shielded Metal Arc Welding = 116
• 6－4 Gas Metal Arc Welding = 133
• 6－5 Flux－Cored Arc Welding = 144
• 6－6 Submerged Arc Welding = 156
• 6－7 Electroslag Welding = 169
• 6－8 Electrogas Welding = 178
• 6－9 Other Consumable Electrode Welding Processes = 183
• 6－10 Arc Welding Variables = 183
• 6－11 Arc Welding Process Selection = 192
• Questions = 195
• References = 195
• 7 Gas Welding, Brazing, Soldering, and Solid－State Welding = 197
• 7－1 Oxyfuel Gas Welding = 197
• 7－2 Brazing = 204
• 7－3 Soldering = 212
• 7－4 Thermite Welding = 216
• 7－5 Solid－State Welding = 218
• 7－6 Miscellaneous Welding Processes = 223
• Questions = 225
• References = 225
• 8 Resistance, Electron Beam, and Laser Beam Welding = 226
• 8－1 Resistance Welding = 226
• 8－2 Electron Beam Welding = 239
• 8－3 Laser Beam Welding = 245
• Questions = 252
• References = 252
• 9 Welding－Related Processes = 253
• 9－1 Oxygen Cutting = 253
• 9－2 Arc Cutting = 261
• 9－3 Thermal Spraying = 268
• 9－4 Adhesive Bonding = 272
• 9－5 Joining Plastics = 274
• 9－6 Joining Composites and Ceramics = 278
• 9－7 Heat Forming and Straightening = 280
• 9－8 Preheat and Postheat Treatment = 282
• 9－9 Mechanical Stress Relief = 286
• Questions = 287
• References = 287
• 10 Power Sources for Arc Welding = 288
• 10－1 Types of Welding Machines = 288
• 10－2 Arc Welding Systems = 291
• 10－3 Rotating Welding Machines = 297
• 10－4 Transformer Welding Machines = 301
• 10－5 Rectifier Welding Machines = 305
• 10－6 Programmable, Pulsing, and Special Welding Machines = 308
• 10－7 Multiple－Operator Welding Systems = 317
• 10－8 Selecting and Specifying a Power Source = 319
• 10－9 Installation and Maintenance of Powe Sources = 320
• Questions = 326
• References = 326
• 11 Other Welding Equipment = 327
• 11－1 Arc Welding Guns and Torches = 327
• 11－2 Electrode Feed Systems = 331
• 11－3 Welding Cables and Clamps = 340
• 11－4 Auxiliary Welding Equipment = 344
• 11－5 Instruments for Welding Information = 346
• Questions = 348
• References = 348
• 12 Mechanized, Automated, and Robotic Arc Welding = 349
• 12－1 Automation of Welding = 349
• 12－2 Arc Motion Devices = 353
• 12－3 Work Motion Devices = 358
• 12－4 Standardized Automatic Arc Welding Machines = 364
• 12－5 Dedicated Automation Arc Welding Equipment = 366
• 12－6 Flexible Automation of Welding = 370
• 12－7 Arc Welding Robots = 373
• 12－8 Controls for Automatic Arc Welding = 382
• 12－9 Seam Trackers, Weld Monitoring, and Sensors = 388
• 12－10 Remote Welding = 393
• 12－11 Tooling, Fixtures, and Work－Holding Equipment = 394
• Questions = 395
• References = 396
• 13 Electrodes and Filler Metals = 397
• 13－1 Types of Welding Consumables = 397
• 13－2 Covered Electrodes = 400
• 13－3 Solid Electrode Wires = 405
• 13－4 Cored Electrode Wires = 407
• 13－5 Packaging of Solid and Cored Electrode Wires = 408
• 13－6 Welding Fluxes = 413
• 13－7 Other Welding Materials = 414
• Questions = 416
• References = 416
• 14 Gases Used in Welding = 417
• 14－1 Shielding Gases = 417
• 14－2 Fuel Gases for Welding and Cutting = 422
• 14－3 Atmosphere Gases = 425
• 14－4 Gas Containers and Apparatuses = 428
• Questions = 433
• References = 433
• 15 Metals and Their Weldability = 434
• 15－1 Properties of Metals = 434
• 15－2 Metal Specifications and Steel Classification = 442
• 15－3 Identification of Metals = 448
• 15－4 Heat and Welding = 451
• 15－5 Welding Metallurgy = 454
• 15－6 Weldability of Metals = 466
• Questions = 468
• References = 469
• 16 Welding Steels = 470
• 16－1 Welding Carbon and Low－Alloy Steels = 470
• 16－2 Welding Alloy Steels = 473
• 16－3 Welding Stainless Steels = 477
• 16－4 Welding Ultra－High－Strength Steels = 485
• Questions = 488
• References = 488
• 17 Welding Nonferrous Metals = 489
• 17－1 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys = 489
• 17－2 Copper and Copper－Base Alloys = 499
• 17－3 Magnesium－Base Alloys = 504
• 17－4 Nickel－Base Alloys = 508
• 17－5 Reactive and Refractory Metals = 512
• 17－6 Other Nonferrous Metals = 515
• Questions = 516
• References = 517
• 18 Welding Special and Dissimilar Metals = 518
• 18－1 Cast Iron and Other Irons = 518
• 18－2 Tool Steels = 522
• 18－3 Reinforcing Bars = 525
• 18－4 Coated Steels = 528
• 18－5 Other Metals = 529
• 18－6 Clad Metals = 532
• 18－7 Dissimilar Metals = 537
• Questions = 538
• References = 538
• 19 Design for Welding = 539
• 19－1 Why Welded Construction? = 539
• 19－2 Weldment Design Factors = 541
• 19－3 Welding Positions, Joints, Welds, and Weld Joints = 547
• 19－4 Weld Joint Design = 552
• 19－5 Influence of Specifications on Design = 572
• 19－6 Design Conversion to Weldments = 573
• 19－7 Weldment Redesign to Reduce Cost = 579
• 19－8 Welding Symbols = 581
• Questions = 585
• References = 586
• 20 Cost of Welding = 587
• 20－1 Weldment Cost Elements = 587
• 20－2 Weld Metal Required for Joints = 588
• 20－3 Filler Metal and Materials Required = 589
• 20－4 Time and Labor Required = 596
• 20－5 Power and Overhead Costs = 598
• 20－6 Weld Cost Formulas and Examples = 599
• Questions = 601
• 21 Quality Control and Evaluation of Welds = 602
• 21－1 Quality Control Program = 602
• 21－2 Destructive Testing = 604
• 21－3 Visual Inspection = 610
• 21－4 Nondestructive Testing = 613
• 21－5 Corrective Actions for Weld Defects = 619
• 21－6 Workmanship Specimens and Standards = 628
• 21－7 Nondestructive Examination Symbols = 636
• Questions = 638
• References = 638
• 22 Welding Specifications, Procedures, and Qualifications = 639
• 22－1 Weld Reliability = 639
• 22－2 Welding Codes and Specifications = 640
• 22－3 Welding Procedures and Qualifying Them = 643
• 22－4 Standard Welding Procedure Specifications = 653
• 22－5 Qualifying and Certifying Welders = 658
• Questions = 661
• References = 662
• 23 Welding Problems and Solutions = 664
• 23－1 Arc Blow = 664
• 23－2 Welding Distortion and Warpage = 667
• 23－3 Weld Stresses and Cracking = 675
• 23－4 In－Service Cracking = 678
• 23－5 Welding－Painting = 682
• Questions = 683
• References = 684
• 24 Failure Analysis, Repair Welding and Surfacing = 685
• 24－1 Weld Failure Analysis = 685
• 24－2 Develop Rework Procedure = 691
• 24－3 Making the Repair Weld = 693
• 24－4 Rebuilding and Overlay Welding = 696
• 24－5 Surfacing for Wear Resistance = 698
• 24－6 Surfacing for Corrosion Resistance = 703
• 24－7 Other Surfacing Applications = 705
• Questions = 705
• References = 706
• 25 Welding Pipe and Tubing = 707
• 25－1 Tubular Products = 707
• 25－2 Pipe and Tube Welding = 712
• 25－3 Manual and Semiautomatic Pipe Welding = 717
• 25－4 Mechanized Pipe and Tube Welding = 718
• 25－5 Automated Pipe Welding = 722
• 25－6 Tube to Sheet Welding = 724
• Questions = 726
• References = 726
• 26 Special Welding Applications = 727
• 26－1 Arc Spot Welding = 727
• 26－2 Sheet Metal Welding = 732
• 26－3 One－Side Welding = 734
• 26－4 Narrow Gap Welding = 737
• 26－5 Underwater Welding = 739
• 26－6 Welding in Space = 742
• 26－7 Microjoining = 744
• 26－8 Dabber Welding = 744
• 26－9 Plasma Transferred Arc = 747
• Questions = 748
• References = 748
• Appendix = 749
• A－1 Glossary of Welding Terms = 749
• A－2 Organizations Involved with Welding = 753
• A－3 Computer Software Programs = 755
• A－4 Conversion Information = 756
• A－5 Weights and Measures = 759
• Index = 781