Roles of Embryonic and Adult Lymphoid Tissue Inducer Cells in Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The nomenclature "embryonic lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cell" reflects the fundamental role of the cell in secondary lymphoid tissue organization. In addition, it is equally important in primary lymphoid tissue development as it regulates central tolerance to self-antigens in the thymus. An adult LTi cell constitutively expresses two sets of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members, whereas its embryonic counterpart expresses only one. The first set is lymphotoxin (LT)α, LTβ, and TNFα, which are essential for the secondary lymphoid organogenesis during embryogenesis and for maintaining an organized secondary lymphoid structure during adulthood. The second set is OX40- and CD30-ligands, which are critical for memory T cell generation. Adult LTi cells regulate adaptive immune responses by providing LTβR signals to stromal cells to maintain secondary lymphoid tissue structure, and determine adaptive immune responses by providing OX40 and CD30 survival signals to activated T cells in memory T cell generation. Along with the consideration of the roles of embryonic LTi cells in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues, this review highlights the roles of adult LTi cells in secondary lymphoid tissue function.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Lane PJ, "Two sides of a cellular coin: CD4(+)CD3-cells regulate memory responses and lymph-node organization" 5 : 655-660, 2005

2 Dejardin E, "The lymphotoxin-beta receptor induces different patterns of gene expression via two NF- kappaB pathways" 17 : 525-535, 2002

3 Fütterer A, "The lymphotoxin beta receptor controls organogenesis and affinity maturation in peripheral lymphoid tissues" 9 : 59-70, 1998

4 Mebius RE, "The fetal liver counterpart of adult common lymphoid progenitors gives rise to all lymphoid lineages, CD45+CD4+CD3- cells, as well as macrophages" 166 : 6593-6601, 2001

5 DeVoss J, "Spontaneous autoimmunity prevented by thymic expression of a single self-antigen" 203 : 2727-2735, 2006

6 Kurebayashi S, "Retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma (RORgamma) is essential for lymphoid organogenesis and controls apoptosis during thymopoiesis" 97 : 10132-10137, 2000

7 Sun Z, "Requirement for RORgamma in thymocyte survival and lymphoid organ development" 288 : 2369-2373, 2000

8 Kim D, "Regulation of peripheral lymph node genesis by the tumor necrosis factor family member TRANCE" 192 : 1467-1478, 2000

9 Rossi SW, "Parnell SM, Jenkinson WE, Glanville SH, et al. RANK signals from CD4(+)3(-) inducer cells regulate development of Aire-expressing epithelial cells in the thymic medulla" 204 : 1267-1272, 2007

10 Mebius RE, "Organogenesis of lymphoid tissues" 3 : 292-303, 2003

11 Kopf M, "OX40-deficient mice are defective in Th cell proliferation but are competent in generating B cell and CTL Responses after virus infection" 11 : 699-708, 1999

12 Kim MY, "OX40 ligand and CD30 ligand are expressed on adult but not neonatal CD4+CD3- inducer cells: evidence that IL-7 signals regulate CD30 ligand but not OX40 ligand expression" 174 : 6686-6691, 2005

13 Kuprash DV, "Novel tumor necrosis factor-knockout mice that lack Peyer's patches" 35 : 1592-1600, 2005

14 Kim MY, "Neonatal and adult CD4+ CD3- cells share similar gene expression profile, and neonatal cells up-regulate OX40 ligand in response to TL1A (TNFSF15)" 177 : 3074-3081, 2006

15 Gaspal FM, "Mice deficient in OX40 and CD30 signals lack memory antibody responses because of deficient CD4 T cell memory" 174 : 3891-3896, 2005

16 Banks TA, "Lymphotoxin-alpha-deficient mice. Effects on secondary lymphoid organ development and humoral immune responsiveness" 155 : 1685-1693, 1995

17 Ngo VN, "Lymphotoxin alpha/beta and tumor necrosis factor are required for stromal cell expression of homing chemokines in B and T cell areas of the spleen" 189 : 403-412, 1999

18 Fukuyama S, "Initiation of NALT organogenesis is independent of the IL-7R, LTbetaR, and NIK signaling pathways but requires the Id2 gene and CD3(-)CD4(+) CD45(+) cells" 17 : 31-40, 2002

19 Cupedo T, "Induction of secondary and tertiary lymphoid structures in the skin" 21 : 655-667, 2004

20 Yoshida H, "IL-7 receptor alpha+ CD3(-) cells in the embryonic intestine induces the organizing center of Peyer's patches" 11 : 643-655, 1999

21 Kim MY, "Function of CD4+CD3- cells in relation to B- and T-zone stroma in spleen" 109 : 1602-1610, 2007

22 Adachi S, "Essential role of IL-7 receptor alpha in the formation of Peyer's patch anlage" 10 : 1-6, 1988

23 Laky K, "Enterocyte expression of interleukin 7 induces development of gammadelta T cells and Peyer's patches" 191 : 1569-1580, 2000

24 Meier D, "Ectopic lymphoid-organ development occurs through interleukin 7-mediated enhanced survival of lymphoid-tissue-inducer cells" 26 : 643-654, 2007

25 Koni PA, "Distinct roles in lymphoid organogenesis for lymphotoxins alpha and beta revealed in lymphotoxin beta-deficient mice" 6 : 491-500, 1997

26 Fu YX, "Development and maturation of secondary lymphoid tissues" 17 : 399-433, 1999

27 Mebius RE, "Developing lymph nodes collect CD4+CD3- LTbeta+ cells that can differentiate to APC, NK cells, and follicular cells but not T or B cells" 7 : 493-504, 1997

28 Cao X, "Defective lymphoid development in mice lacking expression of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain" 2 : 223-238, 1995

29 Cupedo T, "Cellular interactions in lymph node development" 174 : 21-25, 2005

30 Finke D, "CD4+CD3- cells induce Peyer's patch development: role of alpha4beta1 integrin activation by CXCR5" 17 : 363-373, 2002

31 Lane PJ, "CD4+ CD3-cells regulate the organization of lymphoid tissue and T-cell memory for antibody responses" 83 : 12-16, 2006

32 Kim MY, "CD4(+)CD3(-) accessory cells costimulate primed CD4 T cells through OX40 and CD30 at sites where T cells collaborate with B cells" 18 : 643-654, 2003

33 Ueno T, "CCR7 signals are essential for cortex-medulla migration of developing thymocytes" 200 : 493-505, 2004

34 De Togni P, "Abnormal development of peripheral lymphoid organs in mice deficient in lymphotoxin" 264 : 703-707, 1994

35 Forster R, "A putative chemokine receptor, BLR1, directs B cell migration to defined lymphoid organs and specific anatomic compartments of the spleen" 87 : 1037-1047, 1996

36 Ansel KM, "A chemokine-driven positive feedback loop organizes lymphoid follicles" 406 : 309-314, 2000