Introduction to forest ecosystem science and management

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Part 1 Introduction = 1
• 1. Forest Policy Development in the United States / THOMAS M. BONNICKSEN ; DIANA M. BURTON = 5
• Profile of Forest Policy Development = 6
• Native Americans and Forests(to 1607) = 6
• Colonial Settlers and Forests(1607-1783) = 6
• Building and Defending the Republic(1783-1830) = 8
• The Erosion of a Myth(1830-1891) = 10
• Crystallizing a Philosophy(1891-1911) = 13
• Organization, Action, and Conflict(1911-1952) = 18
• Adjusting to Complexity(1952-Present) = 24
• Concluding Statement = 36
• References = 36
• 2. Forestry : The Profession and Career Opportunities / RONALD L. GIESE = 38
• Paths to the Profession = 39
• Career Decisions = 39
• Forestry Curricula = 41
• Career Opportunities = 43
• Sources of Employment = 43
• Public Forestry in Federal Agencies = 43
• Public Forestry in State Settings = 44
• Forestry in Private Industry = 45
• International Forestry = 46
• Research and Teaching = 47
• Consulting Forestry = 47
• Other Areas = 48
• Employment = 48
• Expectations of Employers = 48
• Seeking Employment = 49
• Concluding Statement = 50
• References = 51
• Part 2 Forest Biology and Ecology = 53
• 3. Forest Biomes of the World / STTTH T. GOWER ; JOE J. LANDSBERG ; KARI E. BISBEE = 57
• Factors Affecting Vegetation Distribution = 58
• Forest Biomes = 60
• Vegetation Classification Systems = 60
• Boreal Forests = 61
• Temperate Broad-Leaved Deciduous Forests = 65
• Temperate Needle-Leaved Evergreen Forests = 66
• Temperate Mixed Forests = 67
• Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forests = 68
• Tropical Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forests = 69
• Tropical Broad-Leaved Deciduous Forests = 70
• Global Change and Forests = 71
• Habitat Protection and Land Use Change = 72
• Climate Change = 72
• Concluding Statement = 73
• References = 73
• 4. Forest Ecophysiology / ERIC L. KRUGER = 75
• Coupling Tree Structure and Function = 76
• Leaves-The Tree's Solar Panels = 76
• Woody Stem - The Distinctive Feature of Trees = 78
• Roots - Anchorage and Access to Soil Resources = 81
• Root Symbioses - Enhancing Nutrient Acquisition = 82
• Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds = 83
• Coping with Environmental Stress = 85
• Effect of Seasonal Variation in Climate = 85
• Effect of Chronic Resource Shortages = 87
• Effect of Variation in Resource Availability = 88
• Global Issues in Forest Ecophysiology = 90
• Effect of Anticipated Global Warming = 90
• Effect of Changes in Atmospheric Chemistry = 92
• Potential Impacts of Atmospheric Pollution = 95
• Concluding Statement - Future Directions in Forest Ecophysiology = 96
• References = 97
• Additional Reading = 97
• 5. Forest Soils / JAMES G. BOCKHEIM = 98
• Concept of Forest Soil = 98
• Properties of Forest Soils = 99
• Soil Morphology = 99
• Physical Soil Properties = 100
• Organic Matter = 102
• Soil Water = 102
• Soil Organisms = 103
• Chemical Soil Properties = 104
• Nutrient Distribution and Cycling in Forest Ecosystems = 105
• Forest Soils and Tree Nutrition = 108
• Soil-Site Factors Related to Tree Growth = 108
• Diagnosis and Correction of Nutrient Deficiencies = 108
• Soil Survey and Classification = 109
• Forest Soils and Environmental Quality = 110
• Forest Health, Sustainability, and Ecosystem Management = 110
• Timber Harvesting and Long-Term Soil Productivity = 110
• Nutrient Budgets and Forest Management = 111
• Concluding Statement = 112
• References = 112
• 6. Forest Ecosystem Ecology / STITH T. GOWER = 114
• Forest Tree Species Distribution = 115
• Tolerance and Competition = 115
• Life History Patterns = 116
• The Carbon Cycle and Forest Growth = 118
• The Carbon Cycle = 118
• Environmental Controls on Leaf Photosynthesis = 119
• Environmental Constraints on Canopy Structure and Forest Growth = 120
• The Nutrient Cycle = 122
• Nutrient Distribution = 123
• Nutrient Inputs = 123
• Nutrient Losses = 125
• Nutrient Transfers Within Forest Ecosystems = 126
• Forest Succession = 127
• Effects of Timber Harvesting on Forest Ecosystems = 128
• Concluding Statement = 130
• References = 130
• 7. Landscape Ecology / VOLKER C. RADELOFF ; DAVID J. MLADENOFF = 132
• Introduction = 132
• Definition and History = 132
• Landscape Patterns and How They Are Generated = 133
• Effects of Topography, Surface Geology, and Geomorphological Processes on Landscape Patterns = 133
• Effects of Natural Disturbance Processes on Landscape Patterns = 134
• Effects of Animals on Landscape Patterns = 135
• Effects of Human Activities on Landscape Patterns = 136
• How Landscape Patterns Affect Forest Ecosystems = 138
• Effects of Individual Patch Size and Shape = 139
• Effects of Landscape Patterns = 140
• Interactions Between Landscape Patterns and Processes = 141
• Methods in Landscape Ecology = 142
• Data Collection and Analysis = 143
• Landscape Indexes = 144
• Simulation Models = 144
• Concluding Statement - Management Rules = 145
• References = 146
• 8. Forest Trees : Disease and Insect Interactions / GLEN R. STANOSZ ; KENNETH F. RAFFA ; RONALD L. GIESE = 147
• Introduction = 148
• Origins and Roles of Microorganisms and Insects in Forests = 148
• Losses Caused by Forest Tree Diseases and Insects = 148
• Diseases and Insects Affecting Forest Trees = 150
• The Causes of Forest Tree Diseases = 150
• Diseases Caused by Fungi = 151
• Other Pathogens That Cause Diseases of Trees = 158
• Insects That Damage Forest Trees = 160
• Tree, Pathogen, and Insect Interactions = 165
• Vector-Pathogen Relationships = 166
• Insect-Pathogen Complexes = 166
• Decline Diseases = 168
• Tree Disease and Insect Management = 169
• Influences on Disease and Insect Occurrence and Development = 170
• Forest Pest Management Principles and Practices = 171
• Integrated Pest Management = 172
• Concluding Statement = 173
• References = 174
• Part 3 Forest Management Multiple Uses = 177
• 9. Forest Management and Stewardship / JAMES M. GULDIN ; RICHARD W. GULDIN = 179
• Forest Management = 181
• Multiple Uses = 182
• Interactions Among Competing Uses = 186
• Sustainability and Ecosystem Management = 186
• Forest Owners and Ownership = 191
• Land Ownership and Distribution = 192
• Volume, Productivity, Growth, Mortality, and Removals = 193
• Stewardship of Public Lands = 196
• Forest Service = 197
• National Park Service = 198
• Bureau of Land Management = 199
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service = 200
• Natural Resources Conservation Service = 201
• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers = 201
• State Agencies and Other Organizations = 202
• Stewardship of Private Lands = 202
• Forest Industry = 202
• Nonindustrial Corporate Holdings = 204
• Private Conservation Groups = 204
• Stewardship Across Ownerships = 206
• Cooperative Forestry Programs = 207
• Forest Protection Programs = 208
• Research and Development Programs = 208
• Advocacy Programs = 210
• Forestry at the National Level = 211
• The Federal Government Role = 212
• The Public Interest = 214
• International Forestry = 215
• The Role of Forestry Research = 217
• Concluding Statement = 218
• References = 219
• 10. Nonindustrial Private Forests / JOHN C. BLISS ; A. JEFF MARTIN = 221
• Introduction = 221
• Significance of NIPFs = 222
• Dynamics Underlying NIPF Issues = 223
• The Forest Resource = 223
• Size and Distribution = 223
• Forest Productivity, "Growth, and Removal = 224
• The Human Resource = 226
• Who Are the NIPF Owners? = 226
• Why Do They Own Forest Land? = 227
• NIPF Policies and Programs = 227
• Historical Overview = 227
• Contemporary Policies and Programs = 232
• Emerging Trends and Issues = 236
• Rights and Responsibilities of NIPF Owners = 238
• Nonregulatory Mechanisms for Environmental Protection = 238
• Changing Forest Ownership Patterns = 238
• Changing Markets = 238
• Emerging Forestry Paradigms = 239
• Concluding Statement = 239
• References = 240
• 11. Measuring and Monitoring Forest Resources / ALAN R. EK ; GEORGE L. MARTIN ; DANIEL W. GILMORE = 241
• Measurements of Primary Forest Products = 242
• Scaling = 242
• Grading = 245
• Land Surveying and Mapping = 245
• Distance = 245
• Direction = 246
• Land Surveys = 246
• Forest Type Mapping and Area Measurement = 248
• Measurement of Forest Resources with a Focus on Timber = 249
• Standing Trees = 249
• Forest Sampling = 252
• Forest Growth and Yield = 260
• Measurement of Nontimber Resources = 262
• Concluding Statement - Future of Measurement and Monitoring = 264
• References = 265
• 12. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems for Natural Resource Management / PAUL V. BOLSTAD = 266
• Basic Concepts in GIS = 267
• Data Entry - Digitizing = 269
• Global Positioning System = 270
• Spatial Analysis = 271
• Database Operations = 272
• Geographic Operations = 272
• Remote Sensing = 274
• Radiant Energy and Spectral Reflectance Patterns = 274
• Aerial Photography = 274
• Photo Coverage, Scale, and Geometry = 275
• Photogrammetry and Photo Measurements = 277
• Photointerpretation = 278
• Vegetation Types = 278
• Regeneration, Health, and Damage Assessment = 279
• Filmless Imaging = 280
• Principles of Imaging Scanners = 280
• Remote Sensing Systems = 281
• Landsat = 281
• SPOT = 282
• Radarsat = 283
• Other Remote Sensing Systems = 283
• Concluding Statement = 284
• References = 284
• 13. Silviculture and Ecosystem Management / CRAIG G. LORIMER = 285
• Evolution of Silvicultural Practice = 286
• European Origins = 286
• Silvicultural Practice in North America : From Tree Farming to Ecosystem Management = 286
• Natural Disturbance Patterns : A Blueprint for Ecosystem Management = 288
• Frequent High-intensity Disturbance = 288
• Diffuse Small-scale Disturbance = 289
• Frequent Low-intensity Fire = 289
• Growth and Development of Forest Stands = 290
• Even-aged Stands = 290
• Uneven-aged Stands = 292
• Pure Versus Mixed Stands = 293
• Treatments to Improve Existing Stands = 293
• Release Treatments = 294
• Improvement Cuts = 294
• Thinnings = 294
• Fertilization = 296
• Pruning = 296
• Salvage Cuts = 296
• Regeneration of Forest Stands = 296
• The Role of Site Preparation = 297
• Natural Regeneration = 297
• Artificial Regeneration = 299
• Silvicultural Systems = 301
• Even-aged Methods = 301
• Two-aged Management = 305
• Uneven-aged Methods = 305
• Silvicultural Practices and Ecosystem Integrity = 307
• Maintaining Long-term Site Productivity = 308
• Maintaining Biological Diversity = 310
• Concluding Statement : Public Forests of the Future = 311
• References = 312
• 14. Forest-Wildlife Management / MARK S. BOYCE = 313
• Wildlife Values = 313
• Ecological Interactions = 314
• Wildlife as Components of Forest Ecosystems = 315
• Forest Habitats = 315
• Wildlife Effects on Forests = 319
• Effects of Forest Management on Wildlife = 321
• Fire Suppression = 321
• Prescribed Burning = 321
• Timber Harvest = 322
• Forest Fragmentation = 322
• Pesticides and Herbicides = 322
• Wildlife Considerations in Ecosystem Management = 323
• Managing for Biodiversity = 323
• Ecosystem Structure and Function = 323
• Population Control = 325
• Concluding Statement = 326
• References = 326
• 15. Rangeland Management / WAYNE C. LEININGER ; JOHN D. STEDNICK = 328
• Rangeland Grazing Management = 328
• Forested Rangelands = 329
• Nonforested Rangelands = 331
• Rangeland Water Quality = 333
• Hydrologic Evaluation of Grazing Systems = 334
• Concluding Statement = 335
• References = 335
• 16. Watershed Management : A Regional to Global Perspective / D. SCOTT MACKAY = 337
• The Watershed = 337
• The Global Hydrologic Cycle = 340
• Global Distribution of Terrestrial Water and Life = 342
• Precipitation = 342
• Evaporation and Transpiration = 343
• Soil Water = 346
• Ground Water = 347
• Runoff = 347
• Streamflow = 348
• Integrated View of the Watershed and Its Management = 350
• Land Use = 350
• Cumulative Watershed Analysis = 352
• International Watershed Management : The Case of the Great Lakes Basin = 355
• New Technologies for Integrated Watershed Management = 359
• Concluding Statement = 360
• References = 360
• Additional Reading = 361
• 17. Managing Recreation Behavior / ROBERT O. RAY = 362
• Perceptions of Forest Use = 363
• Some Background on Management of Recreation = 364
• Forest-Based Recreation Management = 366
• What Is This Recreation Stuff Anyway? = 368
• Recreation Is Personal = 368
• Recreation Can Be Seen as an Activity Free of Obligations = 369
• Recreation Is Multifaceted = 369
• Recreation Is a Multiphasic Activity = 370
• Pursuing Recreation = 370
• Education = 372
• Age Structure = 372
• Gender = 373
• Minority Populations = 373
• Immigration = 374
• Affluence = 375
• Urbanization = 375
• Technology = 375
• Section Summary = 376
• User Conflict = 376
• Social Succession = 377
• The Recreational Opportunity Spectrum(ROS) = 378
• Management by Design = 378
• Limits of Acceptable Change(LAC) = 381
• Management by Objectives = 381
• Some Notes on Management Planning = 382
• Fees as a Recreation Management Tool = 383
• Concluding Statement = 386
• References = 387
• 18. Behavior and Management of Forest Fires / CRAIG G. LORIMER = 389
• Natural Fire Regimes = 390
• The Natural Role of Fire = 390
• Influence on the Landscape = 391
• Human Influence and Fire Policy = 391
• Fire Behavior = 393
• Fuel Conditions and Fire Types = 393
• Weather Conditions = 395
• Topography = 396
• Erratic Behavior = 397
• Prediction of Fire Behavior = 397
• Fire Prevention = 400
• Unhealthy Forests and Wildfire Risk = 401
• The Urban-Wildland Interface = 402
• Fire Control = 402
• Detection = 403
• Suppression of Wildfires = 403
• Prescribed Burning = 404
• Environmental Impacts of Forest Fires = 406
• Fire in the Wilderness = 407
• The Approach = 408
• Thirty Years of Natural Fire Management = 409
• Concluding Statement - The Challenge of Fire Management = 410
• References = 410
• 19. Timber Harvesting / ROBERT M. SHAFFER ; THOMAS A. WALBRIDGE, JR. = 412
• Timber Harvesting Operations = 413
• Common Timber Harvesting Systems = 416
• Manual Chainsaw／Cable Skidder System = 416
• Feller-Buncher／Grapple Skidder System = 417
• Harvester／Forwarder(Cut-to-Length) System = 417
• Cable Yarder(Skyline) System = 418
• Helicopter Logging System = 418
• Logging Aesthetics = 418
• Logging in the 21st Century = 419
• Concluding Statement = 420
• References = 420
• 20. Wood Products / EUGENE M. WENGERT ; RAYMOND A. YOUNG = 421
• Importance of Wood Products = 422
• Wood Properties = 423
• What Is Wood? = 423
• Moisture and Wood = 426
• North American Wood Consumption = 427
• Conversion of Wood into Primary Wood Products = 428
• Raw Material Requirements = 429
• Lumber Manufacturing = 430
• Extending the Service Life of Wood Products = 431
• Plywood Manufacturing = 432
• Particleboard Manufacturing = 433
• Oriented Strandboard(OSB) Manufacturing = 433
• Medium-Density Fiberboard(MDF) Manufacturing = 434
• Chemical Nature of Wood = 434
• Microscopic Structure of Wood and Wood Fibers = 436
• History of Pulp and Papermaking = 438
• Pulping of Wood = 439
• Bleaching and Brightening of Pulp = 442
• Biotechnology - Biopulping and Biobleaching = 443
• Paper and Paperboard = 443
• Stock Preparation = 443
• Papermaking = 444
• Finishing and Converting of Paper = 444
• Recycled Paper = 444
• Environmental Protection = 445
• Cellulose Derivatives = 446
• Fibers and Films = 446
• Chemical Commodities = 446
• Conversions of Wood to Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals = 446
• Direct Combustion = 447
• Saccharification - Fermentation = 450
• Thermal Decomposition = 451
• Thermochemical Liquefaction = 451
• Wood Extractives = 452
• Extractives Soluble in Organic Solvents = 453
• Water-Soluble Extractives = 454
• Biotechnology Chemicals = 455
• Concluding Statement = 455
• References = 455
• 21. Economics and the Management of Forests for Wood and Amenity Values / JOSEPH BUONGIORNO ; RONALD RAUNIKAR = 457
• Economics of Timber Production = 458
• The Value of Forestland and Faustmann's Formula = 458
• Economic Comparison of Alternative Land Uses = 459
• Dealing with Risk = 460
• Economics of Forest Product Markets = 461
• Demand and Supply = 461
• Market Equilibrium and Price = 462
• Forecasting and Policy Analysis = 463
• Non-Timber Values and Benefit-Cost Analysis = 463
• Forest Externalities = 464
• Benefit-Cost Analysis of Forestry Projects = 464
• Measuring Social Welfare = 466
• Assessing the Value of Forest Amenities = 466
• Opportunity Cost of Non-timber Objectives = 468
• Concluding Statement = 468
• References = 469
• Part 4 Forests and Society = 471
• 22. Urban Forestry / GENE GREY = 473
• The Urban Forestry Environment = 475
• Physical Environment = 475
• Socioeconomic Environment = 475
• Legal Environment = 476
• Political Environment = 477
• Management Structure = 477
• The Office of City Forester = 477
• Tree Boards = 477
• Determining What the Urban Forest Needs = 477
• Surveys = 478
• Inventories = 479
• Planning and Budgeting for Urban Forestry = 479
• Program Implementation = 481
• Tree Establishment = 481
• Location and Selection = 481
• Planting = 482
• Aftercare = 483
• Evaluation = 483
• Maintenance = 483
• Hazard Management = 483
• Plant Health Management = 484
• Tree Quality Improvement = 484
• Removal and Utilization = 486
• Other Management Considerations = 486
• Trees and Construction = 486
• Fire Protection = 487
• Urban Wildlife = 487
• Urban Forest Valuation = 487
• Information Management = 487
• Program Needs Analysis = 488
• Indirect Management = 488
• Information Dissemination = 488
• Working with Those Who Service the Urban Forest = 489
• Program Support = 489
• Volunteers = 489
• Technical Support = 489
• Financing = 490
• Concluding Statement = 490
• References = 490
• 23. Social Forestry : The Community-Based Management of Natural Resources / J. LTN COMPTON ; JOHN W. BRUCE = 491
• Global Experience in Social Forestry = 492
• Issues and Challenges = 499
• Participation and Local Initiative = 499
• Community Control = 499
• Program Planning and Development = 499
• Legal and Policy Environment = 501
• Ecological Settings and Processes = 501
• Watershed Management = 501
• Land and Tree Tenure = 501
• Land Use Patterns = 501
• Agroforestry = 502
• Forest and Woodland Management = 502
• Wood Industry = 503
• Reforestation and Ecological Restoration = 503
• Biodiversity Conservation = 503
• Sociocultural Context = 504
• Indigenous Knowledge Systems(IKS) = 504
• Gender and Poverty = 504
• Migration and Settlement = 504
• Economic Change = 505
• Interorganizational Collaboration = 505
• Conflict Resolution = 505
• Extension = 506
• Measurement and Evaluation = 506
• Concluding Statement = 506
• References = 507
• Appendixes
• Ⅰ. Common and Scientific Names of Tree Species Mentioned in the Text = 509
• Ⅱ. Common and Scientific Names of Animal Species Mentioned in the Text = 513
• Ⅲ. Unit Conversion Table = 515
• Ⅳ. Taxonomy of Selected Forest Trees = 516
• Ⅴ. Glossary = 517
• Index = 539