National health systems of the world

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PART ONE HEALTH SYSTEMS = 1
• CHAPTER ONE Introduction = 3
• Systems in General = 3
• Why Systems and Their Study = 3
• Why Study Health Systems? = 5
• The Plan of This Book = 7
• References = 8
• CHAPTER TWO Global Health and Its Determinants = 11
• Mortality and Life Expectance among Countries = 11
• Morbidity and Disability = 14
• Determinants of Health and Disease = 18
• Trends in Mortality and Morbidity = 23
• Health Needs and Health Systems = 28
• References = 29
• CHAPTER THREE Health System Components and Their Relationships = 31
• The Objectives and Boundaries of Health Systems = 31
• Production of Resources = 33
• Health Manpower = 34
• Health Facilities = 40
• Health Commodities = 46
• Knowledge = 48
• Organization of Programs = 48
• Ministries of Health = 49
• Other Government Agencies with Health Functions = 53
• Voluntary Bodies = 57
• Enterprises = 61
• The Private Proprietary Market = 62
• Economic Support = 64
• General Tax Revenues = 64
• Social Security = 65
• Voluntary Insurance = 65
• Charitable Donations = 65
• Individuals and Families = 66
• Comment = 67
• Management = 67
• Planning = 67
• Administration = 68
• Regulation = 70
• Legislation = 72
• Delivery of Services = 73
• Primary Health Care = 74
• Secondary Health Care = 75
• Tertiary Health Care = 77
• Special Relationships = 77
• Health System Dynamics = 78
• References = 80
• CHAPTER FOUR Types of Health Systems and Their Determinants = 83
• Determinants of National Health System Types = 83
• Economic Determinants = 83
• Political Determinants = 85
• Cultural Determinants = 88
• National Types of Health Systems = 92
• An Economic Dimension = 93
• A Political Dimension = 93
• Cultural Characteristics = 95
• A Matrix of Health Systems = 95
• References = 98
• PART TWO INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES = 101
• CHAPTER FIVE Entrepreneurial Health Systems in industrialized Countries = 103
• Major Features of the U. S. System = 103
• The Organizational Structure = 104
• Principal Government Health Authority = 104
• Other Government Agencies with Health Functions = 105
• Voluntary Agencies = 106
• Enterprises with Health Functions = 106
• The Private Market = 106
• Production of Resources = 107
• Health Manpower = 107
• Health Facilities = 109
• Health Commodities = 110
• Health Knowledge = 111
• Sources of Economic Support = 112
• Management of the System = 114
• Delivery of Health Services = 116
• Primary Health Service = 116
• Secondary and Tertiary Health Services = 117
• Care of Special Populations and Disorders = 118
• New Problems : Excessive Commercialization = 119
• Long-Term Trends in the U. S. Health System = 121
• Production of Resources = 121
• Organizational Structure = 122
• Economic Support = 122
• Health System Management = 123
• Delivery of Health Services = 124
• References = 126
• CHAPTER SIX Welfare - Oriented Health Systems in Industrialized Countries = 129
• Welfare-Oriented Health Systems = 129
• Federal Republic of Germany = 130
• German Health Insurance and Its Development = 131
• German Health Resources and Other Features = 133
• Belgium = 135
• Organization of Health Programs = 136
• Health Insurance and the Private Medical Market = 140
• Patterns of Health Care Delivery = 145
• Summary and Comment = 149
• France = 150
• Social Security for Health Care = 150
• Health System Organization and Resources = 151
• Japan = 153
• Organization of Programs = 154
• Health Resources = 156
• Economic Support = 157
• Management = 159
• Delivery of Health Services = 159
• Canada = 161
• General Features of the Health System = 161
• National Health Insurance = 162
• Patterns of Health Care Delivery = 168
• Australia = 170
• Voluntary Health Insurance = 170
• National Health Insurance - Come and Gone = 172
• National Health Insurance - Returned = 175
• General Comment = 176
• References = 177
• CHAPTER SEVEN Comprehensive Health Systems in Industrialized Countries = 181
• Norway = 181
• Organizational Structure = 182
• Production of Health Resources = 184
• Economic Support = 186
• Management = 187
• Delivery of Health Services = 189
• Great Britain = 191
• Health Insurance for Workers = 191
• Prelude to the National Health Service = 192
• Organzation of the national Health Service = 194
• Economic Support = 198
• Trends in Services = 198
• Since Consequence and problems = 200
• The NHS Reorganization of 1974 = 201
• Private Health Services = 203
• New Zealand = 205
• Hospital Care = 206
• Primary Health Care = 207
• Economic Aspects = 208
• Other Scandinavian Countries = 208
• Sweden = 208
• Finland = 210
• Denmark = 211
• Southern European Countries = 212
• Italy = 212
• Greece = 213
• Spain = 215
• Summary = 217
• References = 218
• CHAPTER EIGHT Socialist Health Systems in Industrialized Countries = 221
• General Features of Socialist Health Systems = 221
• The Soviet Union = 222
• Russian Health Services Before 1917 = 222
• Transition to Socialism = 223
• Current Organizational Structure = 226
• Production of Health Resources = 228
• Health System Management = 234
• Economic Support = 239
• Delivery of Services = 241
• Restructuring (Perestroika) = 246
• Poland = 250
• General Features = 250
• Local Health Care Organization (the ZOZ) = 251
• Social Insurance and Economic Support = 252
• Production of Health Resources = 253
• Private Medical Practice = 254
• The "Solidarity" Movement and Health Reforms = 255
• Yugoslavia = 256
• General Features = 256
• Health Workers Self-Management = 257
• Other European Socialist Health Systems = 258
• Romania = 259
• Bulgaria = 259
• Hungary = 259
• Czechoslovakia = 261
• German Democratic Republic (GDR) = 262
• Socialist Health Systems-Comments = 263
• References = 265
• PART THRREE TRANSITIONAL COUNTRIES = 269
• CHAPTER NINE Entrepreneurial Health systems in Transitional Countries = 271
• General Features = 271
• Thailand = 272
• Social Setting = 272
• Organizational Structure of the Health system = 273
• Production of Health Resources = 278
• Management of the Health System = 282
• Economic Support = 286
• Delivery of Health Services = 289
• The Republic of the Philippines = 298
• General Features = 298
• Organizational Structure = 299
• Resource Production = 300
• Economic Support and Health Care Delivery = 302
• Other Entrepreneurial Health Systems in Transitional Countries = 303
• Republic of Korea(South) = 303
• South Africa = 307
• Summary Comment = 312
• References = 313
• CHAPTER TEN Welfare - Oriented Health Systems in Transitional Countries of Latin America = 316
• Brazil = 316
• Social Background = 316
• Organizational Structure = 317
• Health Resources = 324
• Economic Support = 328
• Health System Management = 331
• Delivery of Health Services = 333
• Peru = 335
• Conditions in 1960 = 335
• Transition 1960 to 1985 = 336
• The Health System Structure = 337
• Health Resources = 339
• Economic Support = 342
• Delivery of Services = 343
• Mexico = 345
• History and Health Developments = 345
• Pluralism and the Drive to Integration = 346
• Forward a Unified Mexican Health System = 350
• Chile = 351
• Period of Local Health Services 1886-1914 = 351
• Period of Health System Maturation 1914-1952 = 352
• Chilean National Health Service 1952-1973 = 353
• The Military Government 1973-1988 = 356
• Guatemala = 357
• Health System Structure = 357
• Health System Expenditures = 360
• Panama = 362
• Health System Structure Organized Programs = 362
• The Private Medical Market = 363
• Argentina = 365
• Health Resources = 365
• Health Insurance and Medical Care = 366
• Barbados = 367
• Other Health Systems in Latin America = 369
• Colombia = 369
• Ecuador = 370
• Venezuela = 371
• Summary Comment = 372
• References = 373
• CHAPTER ELEVEN Welfare - Oriented Health Systems in Transitional Countries : Middle East and Asia = 377
• Egypt = 377
• Health System Structure = 378
• Health Resources = 381
• Economic Support = 384
• Health System Management = 384
• Delivery of Health Services = 385
• Turkey = 387
• Ministry of Health = 388
• Social Security = 389
• Other Organized Public Programs = 390
• Private Health Care Market = 391
• Health System Overview = 392
• Iraq = 393
• Health System Organization = 393
• Health Resources = 394
• Health Service Delivery and Expenditures = 395
• Malaysia = 395
• Historical Background = 396
• Organizational Structure of the Health System = 398
• Production of Resources = 401
• Management = 404
• Economic Support = 407
• Delivery of Health Services = 408
• Summary Comment = 410
• References = 411
• CHAPTER TWELVE Comprehensive Health Systems in Transitional Countries = 413
• Costa Rica = 413
• Health System Structure = 414
• Production of Resources = 416
• Economic Support = 417
• Management = 418
• Delivery of Health Services = 419
• Outcomes and Trends = 420
• Israel = 420
• The Recent Past = 421
• Health System Organization = 421
• Production of Health Resources = 423
• Economic Support = 425
• Management = 426
• Delivery of Health Services = 428
• Nicaragua = 429
• Historic Background = 430
• The Sandinista Health Approach = 431
• Ministry of Health (MINSA) : The Main Pillar = 431
• Other Organized Health Programs = 433
• Production of Health Resources = 437
• Economic Support = 439
• Health System Management = 441
• Delivery of Health Services = 442
• Summary Comment = 444
• References = 444
• CHAPTER THRTEEN Socialist Health Systems on Transitional Countries = 447
• Cuba = 447
• Prerevolutionary Health Patterns = 447
• Transition to Socialist Health Policies = 450
• Health System Organization in Mid-1980s = 455
• Production of Health Resources = 456
• Health System Management = 460
• Economic Support = 461
• Delivery of Health Services = 461
• Albania = 464
• Health System Organization = 464
• Health Resources = 465
• Some Health Outcomes = 466
• Democratic People's Republic of Korea = 466
• Production of Health Resources = 467
• Delivery of Health Services = 467
• Summary Comment = 468
• References = 468
• PART FOUR VERY POOR COUNTRIES = 471
• CHAPTER FOURTEEN Entrepreneurial Health Systems in Very Poor Countries = 473
• Kenya = 473
• Basic Socioeconomic Features = 473
• Organizational Structure of the Health System = 474
• Production of Health Resources = 477
• Economic Support = 479
• Management of Health System = 483
• Delivery of Health Services = 485
• Ghana = 487
• Health Resources = 487
• Organizational Features = 488
• Management Finance and Delivery of Service = 489
• Zaire = 491
• Health Resources = 491
• Organizational Features = 492
• Trends and Health Outcomes = 494
• Pakistan = 494
• Health System Organization 495
• Health Resources = 497
• Economic Support = 498
• Indonesia = 499
• Private Health Care Market = 499
• Nongovernment but Organized Sector = 501
• Governmental Health Sector = 502
• The Overall Health System = 503
• Summary Comment = 504
• References = 505
• CHAPTER FIFETINE Welfare-Oriented Health Systems in Very Poor Countries = 507
• Burma = 507
• Social Background = 507
• Health System Organization = 508
• Health Resources = 512
• Economic Support of the Health System = 516
• Health System Management = 517
• Delivery of Health Services = 519
• Some Health Status Indicators = 538
• Zimbabwe = 540
• Rhodesian Health System Background = 541
• Health System of Zimbabwe = 542
• Health Expenditures and Commentary = 543
• Liberia = 546
• Health System Structure = 546
• Health Resources and Expenditures = 549
• Summary Comment = 551
• References = 551
• CHAPTER SIXTEEN Comprehensive Health Systems in Very Poor Countries = 555
• Sri Lanka = 555
• Social Background = 555
• Health System Organization and Resources = 556
• Expenditures and Health Outcomes = 558
• Tanzania = 559
• Health System Organization = 560
• Health Expenditures and Outcomes = 562
• Summary Comment = 563
• References
• CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Socialist Health Systems in very Poor Countries = 565
• Vietnam = 565
• Social Background = 565
• Health System Organization = 566
• Resource Production = 567
• Economic Support = 569
• Health System Management = 570
• Provision of Services = 571
• Some Health Outcomes = 572
• Mozambique = 572
• Health System Organization = 572
• Health Resources = 574
• Delivery of Services = 575
• Economic Support = 575
• People's Republic of China = 576
• Historical Background = 576
• Imperial China (before 1911) = 578
• The Kuomintang Years - 1912-1949 = 580
• Early Postliberation China - 1949-1965 = 583
• The Cultural Revolution - 1965-1975 = 586
• Post-Mao Modernizations 1976, 1989 = 589
• Health Resources in China = 590
• Organizational Structure = 594
• Economic Support = 597
• Health System Management = 600
• Delivery of Health Services = 602
• Some Health Status Outcomes = 606
• Taiwan - A Note = 607
• Health System Structure and Resources = 607
• Economic Support Health Services and Trends = 608
• Summary Comment = 609
• References
• PART FIVE COMMENTARY = 613
• CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Health Systems of Oil-Rich Developing Countries = 615
• Gabon = 615
• Libya = 616
• Saudi Arabia = 618
• Kuwait = 619
• Summary Comment = 620
• References = 621
• CHAPTER NINETEEN Health Systems in Society = 622
• Overview = 622
• Social Trends and Their Impacts = 623
• Urbanization = 623
• Industrialization = 623
• Education = 623
• Government Structure = 623
• International Trade = 624
• Demographic Changes = 624
• Health System Developments = 625
• General System Organization = 625
• Resource Expansion = 625
• Increased Utilization of Health Services = 625
• Rising Expenditures = 626
• Collectivized Financing = 626
• Cost-Control Strategies = 626
• Improving System Efficiency = 627
• Higher Technology = 627
• Prevention and Primary Health Care = 627
• Quality Assurance = 628
• Scope of Public Responsibilities = 628
• Popular Participation in Policy Determination = 629
• Public / Private Dynamics in Health Systems = 629
• Historical Background = 629
• Private / Public Sector Expenditures = 630
• Private / Public Mixes of Resources = 632
• Patterns of Health Service Delivery = 633
• A Privatization Movement = 634
• A General Theory of Health System Development? = 635
• Previous Approaches = 636
• Sociopolitical Functionalism? = 638
• Health Systems and Human Health = 640
• Life Expectancy in Countries = 640
• Some Contracting Health Systems = 641
• Influences on Life Expectancy = 644
• Health Care and Human Rights = 645
• References
• Epilogue = 649
• Index = 651