뇌졸중과 관련된 염증 및 감염 = Stroke-Related Infl ammation and Infection

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Inflammatory and infectious conditions can involve the cerebral vasculature and cause stroke. Vasculitis involving central nervous system (CNS) is a heterogeneous entity of disorders characterized by infl ammation and necrosis of blood vessel walls.

It can be caused by noninfectious and infectious diseases. Noninfectious cause includes primary angiitis of CNS, giant cell arteritis, Takayasu’s disease and Behcet’s disease. Hepatitis C, human immunodefi ciency and varicella-zoster viruses as well as bacterial and fungal organisms have been reported to be associated with infectious vasculitis. Infl ammatory biomarkers and infectious index are in a portion regarded as risk factors of stroke. However, there is still controversy and further prospective evaluation should be performed. In the current article, the author concisely reviewed contemporary studies about infl ammatory and infectious conditions associated with stroke.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Pipitone N, "The role of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of vasculitis" 22 : 897-911, 2008

2 Pipitone N, "The role of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of vasculitis" 22 : 897-911, 2008

3 Yahyavi-Firouz-Abadi N, "Steroid-responsive large vessel vasculitis: Application of whole-brain 320-detector row dynamic volume CT angiography and perfusion" 30 : 1409-1411, 2009

4 Jennette JC, "Small-vessel vasculitis" 337 : 1512-1523, 1997

5 Libby P, "Roles of infectious agents in atherosclerosis and restenosis: An assessment of the evidence and need for future research" 96 : 4095-4103, 1997

6 Smeeth L, "Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination" 351 : 2611-2618, 2004

7 Salvarani C, "Primary central nervous system vasculitis: Analysis of 101 patients" 62 : 442-451, 2007

8 Birnbaum J, "Primary angiitis of the central nervous system" 66 : 704-709, 2009

9 Nicholls SJ, "Myeloperoxidase and cardiovascular disease" 25 : 1102-1111, 2005

10 홍연호, "Involvement of the Intradural Artery in Giant Cell Arteritis" 대한뇌졸중학회 5 (5): 103-106, 2003

11 Elkind MS, "Inflammatory mechanisms of stroke" 41 : 3-8, 2010

12 Grau AJ, "Infl uenza vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of stroke" 36 : 1501-1506, 2005

13 Tanaka F, "Infl iximab is effective for Takayasu arteritis refractory to glucocorticoid and methotrexate" 45 : 313-316, 2006

14 Pai JK, "Infl ammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women" 351 : 2599-2610, 2004

15 Wright CB, "Infl ammatory biomarkers of vascular risk as correlates of leukoariosis" 40 : 3466-3471, 2009

16 Libby P, "Infl ammation and cardiovascular disease mechanisms" 83 : 456-460, 2006

17 Jennette JC, "Implications for pathogenesis of patterns of injury in small- and medium-sized-vessel vasculitis" 69 (69): 33-38, 2002

18 Reinhard M, "Imaging techniques for giant cell arteritis" 68 : 108-116, 2009

19 Elkind MS, "Hospitalization for infection and risk of acute ischemic stroke: The cardiovascular health study" 42 : 1851-1856, 2011

20 Paik Myunghee Cho, "High-sensitivity C-reactive protein predicts mortality but not stroke The Northern Manhattan Study" LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS WILKINS 73 (73): 1300-1307, 200910

21 Paik Myunghee Cho, "High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A(2) Stability Before and After Stroke and Myocardial Infarction" LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS WILKINS 40 (40): 3233-3237, 200910

22 Goldstein LB, "Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association" 42 : 517-584, 2010

23 Bley TA, "Diagnostic value of high-resolution MR imaging in giant cell arteritis" 28 : 1722-1727, 2007

24 Xenaki E, "Detection of cytomegalovirus in atherosclerotic plaques and nonatherosclerotic arteries" 60 : 504-508, 2009

25 Yamaoka K, "Clinical images: Takayasu arteritis diagnosed by positron emission tomography" 56 : 2466-, 2007

26 Gupta S., "Chronic infection in the aetiology of atherosclerosis-focus on chlamydia pneumoniae" 143 : 1-6, 1999

27 Kalayoglu MV, "Chlamydia pneumoniae as an emerging risk factor in cardiovascular disease" 288 : 2724-2731, 2002

28 Ridker PM, "C-reactive protein and other markers of infl ammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women" 342 : 836-843, 2000

29 Hajj-Ali RA, "Benign angiopathy of the central nervous system: Cohort of 16 patients with clinical course and long-term followup" 47 : 662-669, 2002

30 Sakane T, "Behcet’s disease" 341 : 1284-1291, 1999

31 Zuber M, "Angiitis of the central nervous system" 26 : 101-117, 199

32 Falk RJ, "Anca small-vessel vasculitis" 8 : 314-322, 1997