Large current account imbalances often become a source of concern, especially when they are large deficits. The large current account deficit of the U.S. since 2002 has generated much debate on its causes and the need for eventual adjustment. Indeed i...
Large current account imbalances often become a source of concern, especially when they are large deficits. The large current account deficit of the U.S. since 2002 has generated much debate on its causes and the need for eventual adjustment. Indeed in many other countries, large current account deficits have often preceded an external crisis, thus stoking fears of an impending gloom when they appear on the balance of payments accounts of emerging markets. In contrast to this common and often-verified view that regards large imbalances as a cause for concern, others see a sign of progress in large current account imbalances. Some interpreted the U.S. current account deficit as an outgrowth of an integrated financial market resided by high-saving countries. In this vein, large current account imbalances are a welcome development to the extent they are outcomes of a rising global economic integration (in financial and trade accounts).
We undertake a quantitative theoretical analysis of the dispersion of current accounts, incorporating several important frictions. As theory of distribution requires us to go beyond a typical two-country framework to a multi-country model, we turn to the incomplete insurance model with multiple (infinitely many) agents that originated with Bewley (1980). This model was further developed by Clarida (1990) in international context and by Aiyagari (1994) and Huggett (1995) in domestic context, among others. Faced with incomplete insurance and a limit to borrowing, each country (agent) accumulates domestic capital or foreign assets as a way of self-insurance, in the face of idiosyncratic shocks to its productivity. In equilibrium, a stationary distribution emerges for endogenous variables including current accounts.
This model captures important precautionary and self-insurance motives behind lending, borrowing, and consumption decisions which arise in the presence of liquidity constraint, although the liquidity constraint itself is not derived from first principles (the same interpretation as in just cited papers). Because countries are limited in the amount they can borrow in certain states of nature, they accumulate assets as a precaution against such events. This precautionary motive does not require and is independent of the convexity of marginal utility that is postulated as the basis of precautionary savings in
small open-economy models (Obstfeld and Rogoff (1995) and references therein).
One innovation of our model, compared with the conventional incomplete insurance model, is the introduction of the spread between the lending and borrowing interest rates which we interpret to reflect the cost of financial intermediation. This spread in interest rates, discourages countries from borrowing too frequently and reinforces their incentive to accumulate assets for self-insurance in the face of borrowing constraints. As a result, the spread plays an important role in matching the shape of the stationary distribution of net foreign assets and current accounts.
Besides constructing the most compact model of dispersion, the modeling choice is motivated by the debate on incomplete risk sharing in the international economics literature. Financial market frictions have been viewed as a primary cause of several well-known phenomena of incomplete risk sharing across countries, including low international correlation of consumption and home bias in international equity allocation. More recently, phenomenal accumulation of international reserves in emerging markets has been attributed to self-insurance motive, in the absence of fully developed market for insurance.