중국 균자병의 조형성 분석 및 디자인 평가 요인에 관한 연구 = A Study of Formativeness Analysis and Design Evaluation Factors for Chinese Jun Porcelain Bottles

국문 초록 (Abstract)

균자(钧瓷)는 중국 허난(河南)성 우주(禹州)시를 중심으로 생산되는 자
기로 당나라 때 시작되어 송나라 때 가장 번성했던 중국 송대의 ‘5대 명
자(名瓷)’ 중의 하나로 지금까지 천년 동안 이어져 내려오며 세계 도자
발전사에서 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 현재 균자병 디자인은 전통문
화의 창조적 전환과 혁신적 발전을 견지하면서도 현대적 디자인 방법을
적극적으로 모색하고 있다. 하지만 현대 균자병의 조형성에 대한 체계적
인 분석이 부족하고, 소비자들이 균자병에 대해 어떻게 평가하는지를 가
늠할 수 있는 디자인 평가 기준도 마련되어 있지 못하며, 균자병의 디자
인 발전 추이를 알 수 있는 과학적 분석 역시 아직 미흡한 실정이다. 이
러한 이유들로 인해 성숙된 디자인 평가에 기초하여 좋은 성과들을 내고
있는 해외 산업들과 비교해 볼 때 중국의 균자 기업들은 디자인 방면에
서 존재하는 문제점들을 조속히 해결하고 균자 산업의 신속한 발전을 추
진해야 할 필요성이 높아지고 있다.
이에 기초하여 본 논문에서는 문헌연구와 현장조사 연구, 그리고 중국
내외 디자인 연구 경험 등을 기초로 중국 균자병의 조형성과 디자인 평가
에 관한 연구를 진행하였으며, ‘이론적 고찰 - 조형성 분석 – 디자인 평가 요인
의 기준 개발 – 소비자 인식조사’라는 연구 틀을 구축하였다. 본 논문은
문헌연구와 실증분석을 결합한 연구 방법을 사용하여 균자의 개념, 종류
와 구성, 역사, 요계(窑系: 도자 가마 체계), 해외에 미친 영향 등을 고찰
하였으며, 또한 중앙정부 정책과 지방정부의 정책이 균자 산업에 미치는
영향을 분석하였고, 신중국과 신시기의 균자병의 조형적 특징을 조사 분
석해 균자병의 조형성을 구체적으로 조명하였다. 그리고 소비자들의 균
자병 디자인 평가 요인의 기준을 구축하였으며, 소셜미디어를 활용하여
소비자들의 균자병에 대한 인식을 조사하고 그 내용을 범주화하였다.
본 연구에서는 디자인학 관련 이론들을 응용하여 문헌 연구, 현장 답
사, 심층 인터뷰, 내용 분석, 설문조사, Spss 통계분석, Textom Analysis
등의 연구방법을 채택하였으며, 비교 분석, 정량 및 정성 연구법을 결합
하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출했다.
첫 번째, 균자의 정부 정책 방향이다. 고찰 결과에 의하면 정부의 정책
은 균자 산업 발전에 커다란 영향을 미쳤다. 균자의 영향력이 높아짐에
따라 향후 정부 정책이 균자의 발전에 더욱 지대한 작용을 할 것으로 보
인다.
두 번째, 균자병의 조형성 분석이다. 종합적으로 정리하자면 형태는 전
통적 기물들의 양식에 기초를 두고 있었으며, 색채는 현지에서 생산되는
원료와 소제 공법에 의해 영향을 받았다. 문양은 전통적인 대중들의 관
념과 학자 및 문인들의 취향을 반영하였고, 재료는 현지의 원료들을 사
용하였다. 균자병은 전통의 계승이라는 측면에서는 어느 정도의 성과를
거두었지만 도자기 시장의 고급화, 예술화, 다변화, 개성화라는 발전 추
세에 발맞춰 전통적인 디자인 관례에서 벗어나 창의적이고 현대적인 감
각의 균자병으로 혁신할 필요성이 있다.
세 번째, 균자병의 디자인 평가 요인의 기준 구축이다. 선행연구에 기
초하여 26가지 요소로 된 균자병 디자인 평가 기준을 수립하였으며, 설문
조사 분석 결과를 토대로 5가지의 디자인 평가 요인으로 정리하였다. 결
과에 따르면 브랜드성(4.29)이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 심미성(4.22)이 그
뒤를 이었고, 요변성(4.09), 합목적성(4.00), 혁신성(3.85) 순으로 나타났다.
균자병의 조형성이 전통 양식을 위주로 하고 있으며, 또한 시장에서 많은
소비자층을 확보하고 있기는 하지만, 과거 기업들의 혁신과 브랜드에 대
한 인식이 강하지 않은 탓에 더 많은 소비자에게 최적화된 평가요인들이
부족했고, 이로 인해 균자병의 디자인과 생산에는 불확실성과 위험성이
늘 존재해왔다. 따라서 균자 기업들은 소비자들의 요구 파악과 시장성에
입각하여 정확한 포지셔닝을 수립하고, 혁신 능력의 증강과 균자병의 품
질 향상을 통해 독창성, 품질성, 브랜드성을 부각시킴으로써, 다원화되고
개성화된 소비자들의 요구를 만족시킬 필요성이 제기되고 있다.
마지막으로 소셜미디어를 활용한 균자병의 소비자 인식에 관한 내용이
다. 소셜미디어의 관점에 기초해 균자병 디자인에 대한 소셜미디어 소비
자들의 시각을 파악하였다. Textom 플랫폼을 통해 ‘균자병’을 키워드로
설정하여 바이두닷컴의 관련 데이터들을 수집하였으며, 68개의 고빈도
키워드를 선별하여 빈도와 중심성값을 분석하였다. 주요 키워드들의 중
심성 값에 근거해 어휘 클라우드 시각화, N-gram 네트워크 시각화, 매
트릭스 네트워크 시각화 분석 등을 진행하였다. Concor 분석을 시행해
클러스트 시각화의 결과를 통해 4개의 군집이 형성되었다. 키워드들 간
의 관계와 함축된 내용을 분석하여 ‘균자병의 역사 문화와 생산 공예’,
‘균자병의 디자인 요소’, ‘균자병의 품질성과 지역성’, ‘균자병의 발전 추
세’ 등으로 명명하였다. 이와같이 소셜미디어 빅데이터 분석을 통해 소비
자들의 균자병에 대한 전통문화 계승인식과 브랜드화를 통한 시장 개척
요구를 확인할 수 있었다.
본 논문의 연구 결과가 균자 기업 및 관련 부분들, 그리고 동 분야의
연구자들을 위해 균자병 조형의 주요 특징, 균자병에 대한 디자인 평가
요인의 기준, 균자병 생산과 디자인 평가의 현황, 균자병의 향후 발전 방
향 등을 파악하고 이해하는 데 필요한 이론적 참고점들을 제공할 수 있
기를 희망하는 바이다. 하지만 연구 데이터의 수집과 획득이나 연구의
범위 등의 한계성 또한 분명히 존재한다. 균자병의 조형성, 디자인 평가
요인, 소비자 인식 조사 등의 방면에 대해 앞으로 연구 대상과 연구 범
위들을 확대시킴으로써 한층 더 발전된 심도깊은 연구를 진행해야 할 것
이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Jun porcelain is a kind of porcelain produced in the center of Yuzhou City,
Henan Province, China. It began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the
Song Dynasty. It has been passed down for thousands of years and is one of
the "Five Famous Porcelains" in the Song Dynasty of China. At present, the
product design of Jun porcelain bottles adheres to the creative transformation
and innovative development of traditional culture, and actively explores
modern design methods. However, there is a lack of systematic analysis on
the formability of modern Jun porcelain bottles, and a set of design
evaluation benchmark that can understand how consumers evaluate Jun
porcelain bottles has not been constructed, and there is a lack of scientific
analysis on the development trend of Jun porcelain bottles product design.
Therefore, compared with the foreign ceramic industry which has achieved
good results by virtue of mature design evaluation mechanism, Jun porcelain
enterprises urgently need to solve the problems existing in product design
and reverse the situation to promote the rapid development of Jun porcelain
industry.
Based on this, this research is based on literature research, on-site
investigation and learning from domestic and foreign product design research
experience, to study the shape and design evaluation of Chinese Jun porcelain
vases, and construct a "theoretical investigation - formability analysis -
design evaluation factors analysis - production status and future development
trend analysis". The thesis uses a combination of literature research and
empirical analysis to examine the concept, type and composition of Jun
porcelain vases, as well as the concept, type, history, kiln family and
overseas influences of Jun porcelain, and from both the central government
policy and the local government policy. Analyzed the influence of government
policies on the Jun porcelain industry, investigated and analyzed the shape
characteristics of Jun porcelain vases from the two stages of New China and
the New Era, constructed a new product design evaluation benchmark, and
conducted empirical research on consumers' design evaluation of Jun
porcelain vases. Analyze and discuss the production status and future
development trend of Jun porcelain bottles.
This research uses the relevant theories of design, adopts literature
research, field research, in-depth interviews, questionnaire survey, social
network analysis and other methods, through a combination of comparative
analysis, quantitative and qualitative methods, the research draws the
following conclusions:
Firstly, the government policy orientation of Jun porcelain is analyzed. The
investigation results show that the government policies have a great impact
on the development of Jun porcelain industry, and with the continuous
improvement of Jun porcelain's influence, the government policies will play a
more positive role in the development of Jun porcelain in the future.
Secondly, the formativeness of Jun porcelain bottles is analyzed. In general,
the form is based on the form and style of traditional vessels, the color is
based on the local special raw materials and firing technology, the pattern is
based on the traditional popular auspicious view and elegant literati taste, and
the materials are made of local raw materials. Obviously, Jun porcelain
bottles have made some achievements in inheriting the tradition, but
according to the development trend of high-grade, artistic, diversified and
personalized ceramic market, it is necessary to break through the traditional
design practices and innovate the design of Jun porcelain products with
modern sense.
Thirdly, the design evaluation and analysis of Jun porcelain bottles. On the
basis of the previous research, a design evaluation benchmark of Jun
porcelain bottles containing 26 elements was established. Through
questionnaire analysis, five design evaluation elements were summarized. The
research results show that brand (4.29) is the highest, aesthetic (4.22) is the
second, kiln change (4.09) is the middle, purpose (4.00) is the lowest,
innovation (3.85) is the lowest. Although the formativeness of Jun porcelain
bottles is dominated by traditional styles and has a large audience group in
the market, the design and production of Jun porcelain bottles is often full of
uncertainty and risks due to the lack of enterprise innovation and brand
awareness in the past and the lack of evaluation factors suitable for
positioning more consumers. Therefore, it is necessary for Jun porcelain
enterprises to grasp the needs of consumers, base on the market, accurately
position, enhance innovation ability, improve product quality, shape the
uniqueness, quality and brand of products, and meet the diversified and
personalized needs of consumers.
Finally, the production status and future development trend of Jun porcelain
bottles are analyzed. According to the analysis results of social network
media, the design of Jun porcelain bottles in terms of form, color and pattern
is actively trying to integrate history and culture, local conditions and
customs, folk art and modern art, and has achieved initial results. In the
future, it is necessary to improve the modern sense, fashion, symbolism and
aesthetics of products through systematic and in-depth research. In addition,
the existing Jun porcelain bottles mainly include traditional products,
archaized products, crafts and modern ceramics, etc. And there is not much
difference in the size, function and price of the products. According to the
development trend of high-end, artistic, diversified and personalized market,
formulate strategic planning of brand construction and publicity, Jun porcelain
enterprises should plan creative design competition and product exchange
activities and design and produce products with different shapes, styles and
prices for different consumer groups.
It is hoped that the results of this study can provide necessary theoretical
reference for Jun porcelain enterprises, related departments and researchers in
the same field to grasp the main characteristics of Jun porcelain bottles
formability, the design evaluation benchmark of Jun porcelain bottle, the
current situation of production and design evaluation of Jun porcelain bottle,
and the future development trend of Jun porcelain bottle. However, limited by
the availability of research data and the limitation of research length, there is
still a need to broaden the research objects and research scope and conduct
further in-depth research on the formativeness of Jun porcelain bottles, the
design and evaluation elements of Jun porcelain bottles, and the development
trend of Jun porcelain bottles.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 서론···················································································································· 1
• 1. 연구 의의와 목적 ······················································································· 1
• 2. 연구의 내용 및 방법················································································· 3
• 3. 연구의 구성 ································································································· 5
• II. 균자병의 이론적 고찰················································································ 8
• 1. 균자와 균자병 ··························································································· 10
• 가. 균자의 개념과 종류 ··········································································· 10
• 나. 균자병의 개념, 종류와 구성 ···························································· 14
• 다. 균자병의 생산 과정 ··········································································· 20
• 2. 균자의 역사 ······························································································· 26
• 가. 당나라 균자 ························································································· 27
• 나. 송나라 균자 ························································································· 28
• 다. 금과 원나라 균자 ··············································································· 31
• 라. 명과 청나라 균자 ··············································································· 33
• 마. 중화민국시기 균자 ············································································· 35
• 바. 현대 균자····························································································· 37
• 3. 균자의 요계 ······························································································· 40
• 가. 북방균자요계 ······················································································· 41
• 나. 남방균자요계 ······················································································· 49
• 4. 균자의 해외 국가에 대한 영향 ····························································· 55
• 가. 유럽에 미친 균자의 영향································································· 55
• 나. 미주 지역에 미친 균자의 영향 ······················································· 57
• 다. 일본에 미친 균자의 영향································································· 58
• 라. 한국에 미친 균자의 영향································································· 59
• 5. 균자의 정부정책······················································································· 61
• 가. 중앙정부 정책 ····················································································· 61
• 나. 지방정부 정책 ····················································································· 62
• 6. 소결············································································································· 64
• III. 균자병의 조형성 분석············································································ 66
• 1. 균자병 조형성 평가 기준 설정 ····························································· 68
• 2. 신중국(1949-1989) 균자병의 조형성 분석 ········································· 71
• 가. 신중국 균자병 설정 ··········································································· 71
• 나. 신중국 균자병의 조형성 분석 ························································· 73
• 1) 형태 ·································································································· 73
• 2) 색채·································································································· 83
• 3) 문양 ·································································································· 85
• 4) 재료 ·································································································· 88
• 3. 신시기(1990-현재) 균자병의 조형성 분석········································· 90
• 가. 허난성 5대 균자기업 개황 ······························································· 90
• 나. 5대 균자기업 균자병의 조형성 분석 ············································· 93
• 1) 형태 ·································································································· 94
• 2) 색채································································································ 101
• 3) 문양 ································································································ 103
• 4) 재료 ································································································ 104
• 4. 신중국 균자병과 신시기 균자병의 조형성 비교 분석 ··················· 105
• 5. 소결··········································································································· 110
• IV. 균자병의 디자인 평가 요인······························································· 113
• 1. 디자인 평가 요인 개요 ········································································· 115
• 가. 디자인 평가의 개념 ········································································· 115
• 나. 디자인 평가의 발전 ········································································· 117
• 다. 디자인 평가의 과정 ········································································· 121
• 라. 디자인 평가의 특징 ········································································· 122
• 마. 디자인 평가의 의미 ········································································· 123
• 2. 균자병의 디자인 평가 요인 개발······················································· 125
• 가. 선행 연구의 디자인 평가 요소 ····················································· 126
• 나. 균자병의 디자인 평가요소의 1차적 구성··································· 129
• 다. 균자병의 디자인 평가요소의 수정 및 확정······························· 134
• 3. 균자병의 디자인 평가 요인 분석······················································· 139
• 가. 설문 조사··························································································· 139
• 나. 조사 결과의 분석 ············································································· 141
• 4. 소결··········································································································· 177
• V. 균자병의 소셜미디어를 통한 인식조사·········································· 180
• 1. 연구방법 및 절차 ··················································································· 182
• 가. 연구 방법··························································································· 182
• 나. 연구 절차··························································································· 184
• 2. 연구내용 ··································································································· 189
• 가. 텍스트 시각화 분석 ········································································· 189
• 나. Concor 시각화 분석 ········································································ 195
• 3. 소결··········································································································· 205
• VI. 결론············································································································· 208
• 1. 연구결과의 요약····················································································· 209
• 2. 연구결과의 논의····················································································· 213
• 3. 연구의 한계와 후속 연구 ····································································· 216
• 부록 Ⅰ. 용어 정의
• 부록 Ⅱ. 설문지
• 참고문헌
• Abstract

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