In South Korea, project financing (PF) for real estate development projects often involves credit enhancement mechanisms, such as joint and several guarantees provided by construction companies. A significant number of real estate development projects...
In South Korea, project financing (PF) for real estate development projects often involves credit enhancement mechanisms, such as joint and several guarantees provided by construction companies. A significant number of real estate development projects are structured through real estate trust companies, with an increasing prevalence of the so-called “Completion Guarantee Management-Type Land Trust.” Under this structure, the trust company, acting as the nominal project owner, is entrusted with development-related authority from the developer. At the same time, both the construction company and the trust company undertake completion guarantees in favor of the lender. These agreements stipulate that, upon failure to complete the project by the agreed deadline, the guarantors shall assume the borrower’s loan obligations, including repayment of principal and interest.
According to the completion guarantee agreement, the construction company or the trust company becomes immediately liable for the borrower's loan debt upon expiration of the guaranteed completion period. Even if we consider that this is about the distribution or assumption of the risk of completion, as discussed in this article, the content and structure of the agreement are rigid in that a large amount of payment obligation is immediately incurred, while the construction company and others are restricted from controlling or avoiding the consequences. Given the rigidity of these agreements, this study examines the legal grounds for limiting the scope of liability and assessing the enforceability of completion guarantee agreements. Furthermore, it analyzes various legal issues arising from disputes concerning such agreements.
This study first outlines the structure of project financing in real estate development in South Korea, with particular focus on the utilization of management-type land trusts and completion guarantee agreements as a form of credit enhancement (Chapter 2). It then examines the contractual provisions of completion guarantee agreements, analyzing their legal nature based on actual contractual terms (Chapter 3).
Building on this analysis, the study explores various legal disputes surrounding completion guarantee agreements. Chapter 4 reviews disputes arising from the expiration of the guaranteed completion period, specifically addressing the liabilities of construction companies and trust companies in cases where completion is not achieved within the agreed period. Chapter 5 analyzes legal relationships concerning additional costs incurred despite timely completion of the project. Chapter 6 examines the rights of recourse available when construction companies and trust companies have paid their obligations to the lender due to project delays. Lastly, Chapter 7 introduces key legal issues that arise when insolvency proceedings—particularly rehabilitation proceedings—are initiated against a construction company, with a discussion on their implications for lenders, developers, and trust companies.
Completion guarantee agreements primarily serve as a means of risk allocation for loan recovery rather than as an assurance of project completion. Except in cases of force majeure, these agreements function as loss indemnification contracts, obligating either the construction company to assume the borrower’s loan obligations or the trust company to guarantee repayment of the loan principal and interest upon failure to meet the completion deadline. Given that these agreements typically enumerate non-force majeure events in advance, liability may be imposed on construction companies and trust companies even when delays result from external factors beyond their control, thus exposing them to significant financial risk. While completion guarantee agreements are intended to cover completion risk, they effectively serve as guarantees for full loan repayment, thereby transferring a broader range of risks than necessary. Against this backdrop, this study examines the potential for applying general legal principles—such as good faith (Civil Act, Article 2) and the prohibition of legal acts contrary to public policy (Civil Act, Article 103)—to limit the enforceability and scope of liability under completion guarantee agreements.