경주 서악동 마애여래삼존입상의 손상특성 및 안정성 평가 = Evaluation of Stability and Deterioration Characteristics for the Rock-carved Standing Buddha Triad in Gyeongju Seoak-dong, Korea

국문 초록 (Abstract)

서악동 마애여래삼존입상은 경주 선도산 정상부의 동남향에 조성된 통일신라시대의 거석불로 입지적 중요성과 함께 힘찬 아미타불상과 부드러운 협시보살의 조각수법이 매우 특징적이다. 특히 안산암질 암반에 불신을 새기고 흑운모화강암을 대좌로 장식한 아미타불상과 좌우 병렬식으로 배치된 알칼리 화강암으로 조성된 협시불은 석재의 색상 및 질감을 통해 석불의 위엄을 잘 표현하였다. 아미타불상은 암반에 형성된 절리로 인한 불연속면의 발달과 사면의 불안정성, 최상부에서 발생하는 식물의 근압에 의한 암반의 이완현상이 결부되어 손상이 가속되고 있다. 또한 절리와 균열 및 박리 등 불연속면의 증가로 인해 물성이 크게 저하되었으며 조류 및 지의류의 피복도가 높은 상태이다. 따라서 마애여래삼존입상에 발생한 손상정도는 아미타불상이 마애불로 조성되면서 나타난 물리적 풍화특성과 다양한 생물침해에 의해 손상이 가속화되는 것으로 판단된다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The rock-carved standing Buddha triad in Seoak-dong is a large stone Buddha statue of the Unified Silla era (AD 676 to 935) in ancient Korea, built near the top of the southeastern side of mountain Seondosan in Gyeongju, is characterized by its locational importance, the powerful Amitabha and the gentle sculptural technique of the Bodhisattva. In particular, Amitabha Buddha in andesite rock slope with biotite granite pedestal and two Bodhisattva parallel made by alkali granites seems to express the dignity through the color and texture of the stones. In the Amitabha Buddha, deterioration characteristics are accelerating due to the combination of various joint systems, instability of the slopes and relaxation by the root pressure of plants occurring at the top. In addition, physical properties have deteriorated owing to the increase of discontinuous surfaces as joints, cracks and scalings, and the coverage of algae and lichen is also high. Therefore, deterioration degree in Buddha triad is accelerated due to the physical weathering characteristics from natural rock mass and various biological invasion.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 양혜리, "천안 성불사 마애석가삼존과 16나한상의 손상도 및 안정성 평가" 국립문화재연구소 53 (53): 78-99, 2020

2 이찬희, "중원탑평리칠층석탑의 재질특성과 산지추정 및 손상도 진단을 통한 보존처리" 국립문화재연구소 43 (43): 4-25, 2010

3 김사덕, "익산 미륵사지석탑 복원을 위한 대체석의 동질성 검토" 한국문화재보존과학회 27 (27): 211-222, 2011

4 이찬희, "울산 반구대암각화의 손상도 및 사면안정성 평가" 한국문화재보존과학회 28 (28): 153-164, 2012

5 이찬희, "석조문화재 풍화도 평가를 위한 초음파 측정의 설정과 직접-간접전달방법의 상관관계" 한국문화재보존과학회 25 (25): 233-244, 2009

6 조영훈, "석조문화유산의 표면 요철도에 적합한 초음파 탐촉자 및 접촉매질 선정 연구" 한국문화재보존과학회 31 (31): 267-278, 2015

7 조영훈, "석조문화유산의 손상지도 제작방법과 표면 및 3차원 손상율 평가기법" 한국문화재보존과학회 27 (27): 251-260, 2011

8 이찬희, "부여 정림사지 오층석탑 구성암석의 원산지 추정" 대한지질학회 43 (43): 183-196, 2007

9 김지선, "공주 마곡사 세조대왕연의 안료분석 및 채색기법 해석" 한국문화재보존과학회 35 (35): 403-415, 2019

10 Moon, M. D., "tatue of the Buddha in Gyeongju Seoak :About Seondosan Mt. and Dudae-ri rock-carved standing Buddha triad" 104 : 16-17, 1969

11 Fitzner, B., "Weathering damage on Pharaonic sandstone monuments in Luxor-Egypt" 38 (38): 1089-1103, 2003

12 Chan Hee Lee, "Ultrasonic Properties on Building Stones, Characteristics of Structural Deformation and Conservation States of the Sanctuary in Wat Phou Temple of Champasak, Lao PDR" The Korean Society of Conservation Science for Cultural Heritage 33 (33): 399-416, 2017

13 Barton, N., "The shear strength of rock and rock joints" 13 (13): 255-279, 1976

14 Odonne, F., "The relationship between joint aperture, spacing distribution, vertical dimension and carbonate stratification : an example from the Kimmeridgian limestones of Pointe-du-Chay(France)" 29 : 746-758, 2007

15 National Geographic Information Institute, "The Origin of Korean Geographical Names"

16 Barton, N., "Review of a new shear strength criterion for rock joints" 7 : 287-332, 1973

17 Jo, Y. H., "Quantitative modeling of blistering zones by active thermography for deterioration-evaluation of stone monuments" 15 : 621-627, 2014

18 Jo, Y. H., "Quantitative modeling and mapping of blistering zone of the Magoksa temple stone pagoda (13th century, Republic of Korea) by graduated heating thermography" 65 : 43-50, 2014

19 National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, "Periodic Investigation of National Designated Architectural Heritage" 6 : 132-149, 2019

20 "Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of National Geographic Information Institute"

21 Rhim, H. C., "Measurement of crack depth located under steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete specimens using ultrasonic method" 6 : 181-188, 2002

22 National Research Institution of Cultural Heritage, "Investigation and Analysis of Traditional Pigment Minerals of Dancheong" 15-, 2017

23 Varnes, D. J., "In Special Report 176, Landslides: Analysis and Control" National Academy of Science 11-33, 1978

24 Chan Hee Lee, "Evaluation of Nondestructive Diagnosis and Material Characteristics of Stone Lantern at Damyang Gaeseonsaji Temple Site in Korea" The Korean Society of Conservation Science for Cultural Heritage 35 (35): 279-293, 2019

25 Young Hoon Jo, "Establishment of Ultrasonic Measurement Method for Stone Cultural Heritage Considering Water Content and Anisotropy" The Korean Society of Conservation Science for Cultural Heritage 30 (30): 467-480, 2014

26 Lee, C. H., "Deterioration assessment and conservation of a heavily degraded Korean stone Buddha from the 9th Century" 51 : 305-316, 2006

27 Lee, C. H., "Damage evaluation and conservation treatment of the tenth century Korean rock-carved Buddha statues" 64 : 1-14, 2011

28 Fitzner, B., "Damage diagnosis on stone monuments - Weathering forms, damage categories and damage indices" Stone Weathering and Atmospheric Pollution Network (SWAPNET) 7-11, 2001

29 Crispim, C. A., "Cyanobacteria and biodeterioration of cultural heritage : a review" 49 : 1-9, 2004

30 Lee, C. H., "Correlation and correction factor between direct and indirect methods for the ultrasonic measurement of stone samples" 76 : 477-489, 2017

31 Jin, H. S., "Bodhisattva of rock-carved stone Buddha in Seoakri, Gyeongju" 6 : 15-18, 1962

32 Lee, C. H., "Approach to conservation sciences and mechanical deteriorations of the Seoagdong standing triple Buddha, Gyeongju, Korea" 37 : 611-627, 2001

33 Iliev, I. G., "An attempt to estimate the degree of weathering of intrusive rocks from their physical-mechanical properties" 1 : 109-114, 1966