1819년의 영국 피털루와 셸리 = England in 1819: Peterloo and Shelley

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

1819 is remembered as the year of Peterloo in British history.
Peterloo was the worst massacre of unarmed civilians committed by the government in modern Britain. 1819 was also “a miraculous year” for the Romantic poets such as Shelley, Byron, and Keats because it was during this year that they composed or published a lot of their major poems: Prometheus Unbound, “Ode to the West” by Shelley, the first two cantos of Don Juan by Byron, and his famous odes and “The Eve of St. Agnes” by Keats. This paper is an attempt to explain why the year 1819 became such a decisive moment in the political history of modern Britain as well as in the movement of British romanticism.
My argument is that it was basically the same Zeitgeist of the 1810s that gave rise to both occurrences. It was “the spirit of age” of that decade defined by Hazlitt as “the progress of intellectual refinement, warring with our natural infirmities.” John Stuart Mill redefined it a few years later, in Patrick Story’s phrases, as “a transitional process of fearful conflict between the tide of progressive expectations reawakened by international peace, and the opposing reaction of ‘existing institutions’,” which I think is more useful for me to collocate Peterloo and the prolificacy of the romantic poets in a historically significant manner. There has been no serious objection among historians to E.
P. Thomson’s view that Peterloo was “a formative experience” in the history of modern Britain. Peterloo, then, is the most indubitable expression of the “fearful conflict” between the “progressive expectations” and “the opposing reaction” in the 1810s. Shelley, in this context, is making an ideal case of poetically embodying the ‘spirit’ of the year 1819 since he composed “The Mask of Anarchy” and “A Philosophical View of Reform” right after Peterloo as a reaction to the unprecedented government brutality from a reformer’s point of view.
In this paper, I analyse those two works to illuminate Shelley’s earnest commitment to the cause of the British reform movement of the 1810s.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 민병천, "정치적 의제로서의 사유와 소통의 장의 실현 —셸리의『혼돈의 가면극』읽기" 한국영어영문학회 56 (56): 667-690, 2010

2 "https://www.britannica.com/event/Reform-Bill"

3 "http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/distress/sixacts.htm"

4 "http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/distress/sixacts.htm"

5 J. C. Maxwell, "Wordsworth and the Subjugation of Switzerland" 65 : 16-18, 1970

6 Reginald James White, "Waterloo to Peterloo" Penguin 170-183, 1968

7 R. J. White, "Waterloo to Peterloo" Penguin Books 1968

8 Matthew C. Borushko, "Violence and Nonviolence in Shelley’s Mask of Anarchy" 59 : 96-113, 2010

9 Lisa Vargo, "Unmasking Shelley’s Mask of Anarchy" 13 (13): 49-64, 1987

10 Seth T. Reno, "The Violence of Form in Mask of Anarchy" 62 : 93-94, 2013

11 Alan M. Weinberg, "The Unfamiliar Shelley" Routledge 2016

12 P. M. S. Dawson, "The Unacknowledged Legislator" Clarendon Press 1980

13 Rebecca Fraser, "The Story of Britain: From the Romans to the Present: A Narrative History" W.W. Norton & Co 509-, 2003

14 Michael Scrivener, "The Oxford Handbook of Percy Bysshe Shelley" Oxford UP 2013

15 E. P. Thompson, "The Making of the English Working Class" Vintage Books 1966

16 Alfred Goodwin, "The Friends of Liberty: The English Democratic Movement in the Age of the French Revolution" Harvard UP 451-499, 1979

17 John Stuart Mill, "The Emergence of Victorian Consciousness: The Spirit of the Age" Free Press 73-85, 1967

18 Percy Bysshe Shelley, "The Complete Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley" Ernest Benn 1965

19 Percy Bysshe Shelley, "The Complete Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley" Ernest Benn 82-, 1965

20 Kenneth Neill Cameron, "Shelley: The Golden Years" Harvard UP 1974

21 Kenneth Neill Cameron, "Shelley, Cobbett, and the National Debt" 42 : 197-209, 1943

22 Malini Bhattacharya, "Shelley on the ‘Spirit of the Age’" 17 (17): 40-53, 1981

23 Kenneth Neill Cameron, "Shelley and the Reformers" 12 (12): 62-85, 1945

24 Percy Bysshe Shelley, "Selected Poems and Prose" Penguin Books 2016

25 Bysshe Shelley, "Selected Poems and Prose" Penguin Books 421-433, 2016

26 M. H. Abrams, "Romanticism: Points of View" Wayne State UP 316-319, 1975

27 Michael Henry Scrivener, "Radical Shelley" Princeton UP 2016

28 D. G. Wright, "Popular Radicalism: The Working-Class Experience, 1780-1880" Longman 64-82, 1988

29 John Stevenson, "Popular Disturbances in England 1700-1870" Longman 1979

30 Jeffrey N. Cox, "Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School: Keats, Shelley, Hunt, and their Circle" Cambridge UP 16-37, 2004

31 A. S. Walker, "Peterloo, Shelley and Reform" 40 (40): 128-164, 1925

32 E. P. Thompson, "Peterloo : The English Uprising" Oxford UP 2019

33 Yasmin Solomonescu, "Percy Shelley’s Revolutionary Periods" 83 (83): 1105-1133, 2016

34 Michael O’Neill, "Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Literary Life" Macmillan 93-124, 1989

35 Michael O’Neill, "Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Literary Life" Macmillan 104-105, 1989

36 Richard Cronin, "Paper Pellets : British Literary Culture after Waterloo" Oxford UP 2010

37 Kim Jacobs-Beck, "Pageant and Parade: Imperial and Populist Performance in Percy Shelley’s Mask of Anarchy and Swellfoot the Tyrant" 31 (31): 17-32, 2014

38 Marc Redfield, "Mask of Anarchy: Shelley’s Political Poetics" 45 (45): 102-110, 2002

39 Nicholas Roe, "Keats and History" Cambridge UP 1995

40 Harriet Kramer Linkin, "Historicizing Romantic Historicism" 28 (28): 189-199, 1999

41 Patrick Story, "Hazlitt’s Definition of the Spirits of the Age" 6 (6): 97-98, 1975

42 James Chandler, "England in 1819: The Politics of Literary Culture and the Case of Romantic Historicism" The U of Chicago P 45-, 1998

43 Marilyn Butler, "Burke, Paine, Godwin, and the Revolution Controversy" Cambridge UP 1-17, 1984

44 Chris Foss, "A Brighter Morn: The Shelley Circle’s Utopian Project" Lexington 41-, 2003