접촉과 변화, 고디머-쿳시 소설에 나타난 남아프리카 흑백 인종의 식민지적 만남과 전개 분석

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The goal of this paper is to analyse the aspects of colonial encounter and its developments between whites and blacks in South Africa. In particular, we are interested in the characters of different races in the novels, which are written by N. Gordimer and J. M. Coetzee in the last six decades. Both writers are known well indeed for their contribution to the understanding the conflicts and problems which have been so prevalent since 1948, i.e. the beginning of Apartheid regime of National Party of South Africa. However, the novel for example treats the event of white explorer who travelled to the Namaqua land, north of Cape province in 17th century. Because of misunderstanding of other culture, and what with the imperial desire of the white invaders, the first images of native people there are negative, even destructive to the Other. This kind of bad beginning of prejudice-building continues to be a institutionalized new order of white colony.
We have investigated 17 novels, 10 of Gordimer and 7 of Coetzee regarding the racial images, which are formed by characters in given texts. Racial differences projected mostly by skin color are the most direct emotional perception, which are the base of further imagination and thinking on other culture. In the development of colonial society, these emotional prejudices and stereotypes were developed as a kind of facts to which people in next generations have been accustomed without any serious moral problem. This paper is divided into four parts according to the stages of development of white images against blacks. In fact the theme of race is not separated in principle from that of gender, or socio-economic class of the people in South Africa. For example it is not difficult to find a racial discrimination between Jew and Gentile, or other white people like Greeks in Lying Days (1953).
More general, but abstract topic like ‘power-relationship’ between different kinds of social groups can be pursued as dominant vs. peripheral one. However, we have put aside this approach, rather concentrated on more concrete aspects that are observed more clearly in given texts. With the development of history in South Africa, the relationship between black and white has changed even to the point where the role of whites seem to be reversed to blacks, as is shown between black political leader and white liberal women as in A Sport of Nature (1987) or My Son’s Story (1990). Most dramatic change and reverse however become apparent after the power-change in 1994. The concrete situation of some whites are described vividly in Coetzee’s Disgrace. To conclude, it is not a mere linear development of history in South Africa as in any other countries, but the most basic seed of evil of racial discrimination and that of violence of colonial/imperial aggression seem to be present still in these days in various modes of appearances.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 서론
• 2. 식민지적 첫 만남, 초기 탐험자들의 흑인 인식
• 3. 가부장적 식민 질서 속에서의 흑백 만남(‘나라의 심연에서’ 1978)
• 4. 진보적 백인의 등장과 흑인의 반응
• 5. 또 다른 형태의 투쟁과 공격성 그리고 역전
• 6. 맺는 말: 흑백 식민 질서의 생성과 전개 그리고 다양한 형태의 변화
• 〈참고문헌〉
• Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Coetzee, J. M., "포" 책 세상 2003

2 양석원, "탈식민주의와 정신분석학, 마노니와 파농을 중심으로" 59-95, 2003

3 고부응, "탈식민주의: 이론과 쟁점" 문학과지성사 2003

4 Childs, Peter, "탈-식민주의 이론" 문예출판사 1997

5 권명식, "쿳시의 소설 텍스트 분석: ‘포우’의 주제와 형식을 중심으로" 한국아프리카학회 24 (24): 3-50, 2006

6 권명식, "저항과 영원 회귀를 향한 최소주의 삶: 쿳시의 소설 '마이클 K의삶과 시대에 나타난 인물 연구" 21 : 3-60, 2006

7 Coetzee, J. M, "어둠의 땅" 들녘 1996

8 권명식, "아프리카어 연구 입문, 계통분류 및 구조 비교 분석" 한국외대출판부 2004

9 권명식, "아프리카 현대소설의 주요 인물과 주제들, 소잉카, 고디머, 무왕기를 중심으로" 10 : 1-22, 1998

10 권명식, "아프리카 소설에 나타난 서구 문명의 부정적 양상, 소잉카의 해설자들 읽기" 63 (63): 312-227, 1992

11 권명식, "아프리카 사회언어학" Hufs Books 2011

12 권명식, "신의 화살" 지학사 1986

13 권명식, "식민주의와 인종갈등의 극복, 무너진 전통사회의 단면들(아체베의'무너져 내리다'), 살아남은 자의 고통과 불안(고디머의 '가버린 부르주아의 세계'), In 20세기 프랑스, 독일, 러시아 문학과 또 다른 문학" 297-318, 1998

14 권명식, "스와힐리 소설을 통해 본 해안 스와힐리 핵심문화의 확산과 변화양상, 현대화와 전지구화 주제를 중심으로" 한국아프리카학회 31 (31): 3-56, 2010

15 권명식, "비유표현의 의미 확장 양상과 인지적 의의: 고디머의 소설 ‘가버린 부르주아 세계’를 중심으로" 한국아프리카학회 18 : 3-38, 2003

16 Gordimer, Nadine, "보호주의자" Harmondsworth : Penguin 1991

17 권명식, "문학 텍스트를 바탕으로 한 독일과 아프리카의 정신적 교류" 1 : 392-419, 1995

18 Gordimer, Nadine, "내 아들의 이야기" 성현출판사 1991

19 왕은철, "나라의 심장부에서" 문학동네 2010

20 권명식, "검은 인종과 토속어, 나이지리아의 현대 소설" 10 (10): 225-241, 1992

21 Gordimer, Nadine, "거짓의 날들" 책 세상 2000

22 권명식, "to appear. "나일어의 유형적 특징, 분기와 접촉현상을 고려하여." ms"

23 Lomberg, Alan., "Withering into the Truth: the Romantic Realism of nadine Gordimer, In English in Africa" 31-45, 1990

24 Kovel, Joel., "White Racism : A Psychohistory" The Penguin Press 1970

25 Pearsall, Susan., "Where the Banalities are Enacted’: The Everyday in Gordimer’s Novels" 31 (31): 95-118, 2000

26 Peck, Richard., "What’s a Poor White to Do? White South African Option in A Sport of Nature" 153-166, 1990

27 Bell, Michael., "What is it like to be a Nonracist? Costello and Coetzee on the Lives of Animals and Men" 172-192, 2006

28 Coetzee, J. M., "Waiting for the Barbarians" Ravan Press 1981

29 Vice, Samantha., "Truth and Love Together at Last: Style, Form and Moral Vision in Age of Iron" 293-316, 2010

30 Attridge, Derek., "Trusting the Other: Ethics and Politics in J. M. Coetzee's Age of Iron, In Moses" 59-82, 1994

31 Moses, Michael Valdez, "The Writings of J. M. Coetzee" Duke University Press 1994

32 Kossew, Sue, "The Politics of Shame and Redemption in J. M. Coetzee's Disgrac.e" 34 (34): 155-162, 2003

33 Cooke, John., "The Novels of Nadine Gordimer: Private Lives/Public Landscapes" Louisiana State University Press 1985

34 Clingman, Stephen, "The Novels of Nadine Gordimer: History from the Inside" Ravan Press 1986

35 King, Bruce, "The Novels of Nadine Gordimer" Macmillan 1993

36 Allport, Gordon W, "The Nature of Prejudice" Addison-Wesley 1954

37 Thorpe, Michael., "The Motif of the Ancestor in The Conservationist" 116-123, 1990

38 Gordimer, Nadine, "The Late Bourgeois World" Penguin 1982

39 Gordimer, Nadine, "The Idea of Gardening" 139-144, 1998

40 Gordimer, Nadine, "The Guest of Honour" Penguin 1973

41 Herron, Tom., "The Dog Man: Becoming Animal in Coetzee's Disgrace" 51 (51): 467-990, 2005

42 Engle, Lars., "The Conservationist and the Political Uncanny" 91-107, 1993

43 Lee, Richard B., "The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers" Cambridge University Press 1999

44 Moses, Michael Valdez, "Solitary Walkers: Rousseau and Coetzee's Life & Times of Michael K" 131-156, 1994

45 Begam, Richard., "Silence and Mut(e)ilation: White Writing in J. M. Coetzee's Foe" South Atlantic Quarterly 111-129, 1994

46 권명식, "Retrospect on the Study of African Literature in Korea, with special Reference to Problems of Language" 아프리카연구소 29 (29): 297-314, 2011

47 Attwell, David, "Race in Disgrace" 4 (4): 331-341, 2002

48 Newman, Judie, "Prospero’s Complex: Race and Sex in Nadine Gordimer’s Burger’s Daughte.r" 20 (20): 81-99, 1985

49 Mannoni, Octave., "Prospero and Caliban: The Psychology of Colonization" Frederick A. Praeger 1950

50 Kossew, Sue., "Pen and Power: a post-colonial reading of J. M. Coetzee and Andre Brink" Rodopi 1996

51 Fanon, Frantz, "Peau Noire, Maques Blancs" Grove Weidenfeld 1967

52 Ingold, Tim, "On the Social Relations of the Hunter-Gatherer Band" 54-70, 1999

53 Gordimer, Nadine, "Occation for Loving" Virago 1983

54 Boehmer, Elleke, "Not Saying Sorry, Not Speaking Pain, Gender Implications in Disgrace" 4 (4): 342-351, 2002

55 Dodd, Josephine, "Naming and Framing: Naturalization and Colonization in J. M. Coetzee's In the Heart of the Country" 27 (27): 153-161, 1987

56 Wade, Michael., "Nadine Gordimer (Modern African Writers Series)" Evans Brothers 1978

57 Newman, Judie, "Nadine Gordimer (Contemporary Writers Series)" Routledge 1988

58 Haugh, R. F., "Nadine Gordimer" Twayne 1974

59 Sonza, Jorshinelle T, "My Turn, Now’: Debunking the Gordimer ‘Mystique’ in My Sons’s Story" 25 (25): 105-116, 1994

60 Greenstein, Susan M, "My Son’s Story: Drenching the Censors – the Dilemma of White Writing" 191-212, 1993

61 Smith, Rowland, "Masters and Servants: Nadine Gordimer’s July’s People and the Themes of her Fiction" 1990 : 140-152, 1990

62 권명식, "Linguistic Expressions of Core Values of Traditional Swahili Poetry, with special Reference to the Dynamics of Swahili Culture" 아프리카연구소 27 (27): 3-30, 2010

63 Coetzee, J. M., "Life and Times of Michael K" Ravan 1983

64 Gordimer, Nadine, "Leaving School - II" 3 (3): 58-65, 1963

65 Cooke, John., "Landscapes Inhabited in Imagination: A Guest of Honour, In Smith" Smith 104-115, 1990

66 Wagner, Kathrin., "Landscape Iconography in the Novels of Nadine Gordimer" 74-90, 1993

67 Gordimer, Nadine, "July’s People" Ravan/Taurus 1981

68 Attwell, David., "J. M. Coetzee: South Africa and the Politics of Writing" University of California Press 1993

69 Clarkson, Carrol., "J. M. Coetzee, Countervoices" Macmillan 2009

70 Penner, Dick., "J. M. Coetzee's Foe: the Muse, the Absurd, and the Colonial Dilemma" 27 (27): 207-214, 1987

71 Gardner, Allan, "J. M. Coetzee's Dusklands: Colonial Encounters of the Robinsonian Kind" 27 (27): 174-184, 1987

72 Bradshaw, Graham, "J. M. Coetzee's Austerities" Ashgate 2010

73 Hayes, Patrick., "J. M. Coetzee and the Novel, Writing and Politics After Beckett" Oxford University Press 2010

74 Poyner, Jane, "J. M. Coetzee and the Idea of the Public Intellectual" Ohio University Press 2006

75 Attridge, Derek, "J. M. Coetzee and the Ethics of Reading" The University of Chicago Press 2004

76 Leist, Anton, "J. M. Coetzee and Ethics, Philosophical Perspectives on Literature" Columbia University Press 2010

77 Head, Dominic., "J. M. Coetzee" Cambridge UP 1997

78 Wagner, Kathrin., "Indiana University Press" 1994

79 Cantor, Paul A., "Happy Days in the Veld: Beckett and Coetzee's In the Heart of the Country, In South Atlantic Quarterly 93:1" 83-110, 1994

80 Newman, Judie., "Gordimer’s The Conservationist: ‘That Book of unknown Signs’" 22 (22): 31-44, 1981

81 Jolly, Rosemary., "Going to the dogs: Humanity in J. M. Coetzee's Disgrace, The Lives of Animals, and South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission" 148-171, 2006

82 Knipp, Thomas., "Going All the Way: Eros and Polis in the Novels of Nadine Gordimer" 24 (24): 37-50, 1993

83 Yelin, Louise., "From the Margins of Empire, Christina Stead, Doris Lessing, Nadine Gordimer" Cornell University Press 1998

84 Lewis, M. Paul, "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition" Dallas 2009

85 Coetzee, J. M., "Disgrace" Vintage 2000

86 Huggan, Gramham, "Critical perspectives on J. M. Coetzee" MacMillan 1996

87 Smith, Rowland, "Critical Essays on Nadine Gordimer" McGill University 1990

88 Kossew, Sue, "Critical Essays on J. M. Coetzee" Twayne Publishers 1998

89 Macaskill, Brian., "Charting J. M. Coetzee's Middle Voice: In the Heart of the Country" 35 : 66-84, 1998

90 Gordimer, Nadine, "Burger’s Daughter" Jonathan Cape 1979

91 Smith, Rowland, "Black and White in Grey: Irony and Judgement in Gordimer’s Fiction" 45-58, 1993

92 Coetzee, J. M., "Age of Iron" Penguin 1991

93 Briganti, Chiara., "A bored Spinster with a locked Diary: The Politics of Hysteria." In In the Heart of the Country" Research in African Literatures 33-49, 1994

94 Gordimer, Nadine, "A World of Strangers" Penguin 1962

95 Wade, Michael., "A Sport of Nature: Identity and Repression of the Jewish Subject" 155-173, 1993

96 Clingman, Stephen, "A Sport of Nature and the Boundaries of Fiction" 173-190, 1993

97 Gordimer, Nadine, "A Sport of Nature" Taurus 1987

98 Heine, B., "A Linguistic Geography of Africa" CUP 2008

99 Attwell, David, "'The labyrinth of My History': J. M. Coetzee's Dusklands" 29-49, 1998

100 Roberts, Sheila., "'Post-Colonialism, or the House of Friday' - J. M. Coetzee's Foe" 31 (31): 87-92, 1991