프란츠 에케르트는 대한제국 애국가의 작곡가인가? = 대한제국 애국가에 대한 새로운 고찰

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The first official Korean national anthem was published in July 1st, 1902, as “Korean National Hymn after Korean motifs by Franz Eckert” and thus believed to be a composition by Eckert until today by the most authors. We have found, however, that a very similar melody was already published in 1896 by Homer B. Hulbert as an example of “Korean Vocal Music”. This melody, one of the very first examples in history of Korean songs transcribed to Western notation, was seemingly a Korean folk song of that time, and there are a number of resembling folksongs that were transmitted orally at least until the late 20th century. Despite slight changes, especially in the beginnings and closings of phrases, Eckert has used the melody as a whole, and his expression “after Korean motifs” obscures the fact that it was rather an “adaptation” of a particular Korean folk song. So Eckert may have “chosen” and has certainly “arranged” the melody of the first national anthem of Korea, but he is not the “composer” of it, at least in modern terms. It is interesting, however, that no historical document is known where Eckert calls himself the “composer” of the hymn, and the circumstances and misunderstandings that occurred about it are similar in several respects to the case of the Japanese national anthem “Kimigayo”.
In this paper we reconsider the historical documents concerning this song in the light of the new findings, and we stress the historical significance of Hulbert as a mediator between the Korean and Western music cultures at that time. Since Hulbert was also one of the most important researchers of Korean culture and supporters of the independence of Korea, his (perhaps unconscious) contribution to the genesis of the first national anthem of Korea should raise an increased interest in this early document of Korean-Western musical creativity.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 대한제국 애국가를 둘러싼 의문
• 2. 〈대한제국 애국가〉와 "바람이 분다"의 유사성
• 3. "바람이 분다"는 무슨 민요인가?
• 4. 헐버트의「Korean Vocal Music」의 역사적 수용
• 5. 에케르트는 대한제국 애국가의 '작곡가'인가?
• 6. 끝맺으며

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 임동권, "한국민요집" 동국문화사 593-, 1961

2 "하와이에 우리나라 최초의 애국가가 있다"

3 김동진, "파란 눈의 한국 혼 헐버트" 참좋은친구 2010

4 이경분, "잃어버린 시간 1938~1944" 휴머니스트 2007

5 민경찬, "우리나라 최초의 국가인 <대한제국 애국가>를 생각하며" 142-, 141

6 민경찬, "우리나라 최초의 국가인 "대한제국 애국가"를 생각하며" 133-,

7 김원모, "에케르트 군악대와 대한제국 애국가, In (최영희 선생 회갑 기념)韓國史學論叢" 탐구당 492-, 1987

8 김원모, "에케르트 군악대와 대한제국 애국가" 479-,

9 이유선, "양악 년사" 196-,

10 "애국하면 못쓰나"

11 신문수, "동방의 타자: 이사벨라 버드 비숍의 『한국과 그 이웃나라들』" 규장각한국학연구원 (46) : 119-138, 2009

12 이정희, "대한제국기 군악대 고찰" 한국국악학회 44 : 165-194, 2008

13 최창언, "대한제국 애국가와 프란츠 에케르트" 59-, 2010

14 최창언, "대한제국 애국가와 프란츠 에케르트" 48-49, 2010

15 최창언, "대한제국 애국가와 프란츠 에케르트" 81-, 2010

16 최창언, "대한제국 애국가와 프란츠 에케르트" 2010

17 南宮堯悅, "개화기의 한국음악 -프란츠 에케르트를 중심으로" 세광음악출판사 76-, 1987

18 南宮堯悅, "개화기의 한국 음악 -프란츠 에케르트를 중심으로" 48-73,

19 南宮堯悅, "개화기의 한국 음악" 77-,

20 한국정신문화연구원, "韓國의 民俗音樂-慶尚南道民謠篇" 한국정신문화연구원 269-,

21 信夫淳平, "韓半島" 東京堂書店 106-107, 1901

22 "雜報(進宴盛儀)"

23 "雜報(國歌調音)"

24 趙泳培, "濟州道 民俗音樂 通俗民謠 硏究篇" 新亞文化社 162-, 1991

25 中村理平, "洋楽導入者の軌跡" 刀水書房 1993

26 一記者, "朝鮮洋樂의 夢幻的 來歷" (15) : 12-, 1992

27 Amalie Mattel, "文獻報國" 朝鮮總督府圖書館 2-3, 1940

28 김연갑, "『Korean Vocal Music』의'Ararung'에 대한 소고" 102-, 2010

29 Horace N. Allen, "「Korea」, History of foreign music" Irving Squire 35-41, 1908

30 Mr. Hulbert, "to whom I am greatly indebted, calls it 'a very weak attempt to score it'. Isabella Bird Bishop" Korean and Her Neighbors 166-,

31 "http://www.folkab.kr/dokuwiki-cd/doku.php?id=제주:제주04:제주0413"

32 "http://www.folkab.kr/dokuwiki-cd/doku.php?id=전북:전북01:전북0112"

33 "http://www.folkab.kr/dokuwiki-cd/doku.php?id=전남:전남01:전남0117"

34 Horace N. Allen, "Things Korean" Chicago F.H. Revell Company 55-, 1908

35 Homer Hulbert, "The following is a sample of the intermediate style. It does not rank with the Si Jo but is much in advance of the Ha ch'i" Korean Vocal Music 52-,

36 Homer Hulbert, "The Passing of Korea" Doubleday, Page & Company 316-, 1906

37 Horace N. Allen, "Supplement to A Chronological Index" 1903

38 Isabella Bird Bishop, "Korean and Her Neighbors: A Narrative of Travel, with and Account of the Recent Vicissitudes and Present Position of the Country" Flemming H. Revell 166-, 1898

39 Homer Hulbert, "Korean Vocal Music, In The Korean Repository" Trilingual Press 52-, 1896

40 Homer Hulbert, "Korean Vocal Music" The Korean Repository 45-53, 1896

41 Horace N. Allen, "Korea: Fact and Fancy" 226-, 1904

42 "KBS 1TV 역사 스페셜"

43 Hans-Alexander Kneider, "Globetrotter Abenteurer Goldgraber" iudicium 154-, 2009

44 Friedrich Magnus, "Ein Busuch am Hofe von Korea" Globus 159-, 1902

45 Richard Wunsch, "Arzt in Ostasien" Kramer 89-, 1976

46 Richard Wonsch, "Arzt in Ostasien" 98-103,

47 유영렬, "19세기 말 서양 선교사와 한국사회 - The Korean Repository를 중심으로" 景仁文化社 2004

48 한국정신문화연구원, "'논매기 소리(매화타령)'가 韓國의 民俗音樂-全羅南道民謠篇(樂譜)" 131-132,

49 Hugo Riemann, ""Militarmusik", In Musik-Lexikon, 3. Aufl" Hesse 632-, 1887