미국 교육바우처의 효과 분석: 무작위실험 사례를 중심으로 = A Review of the Effects of School Vouchers in the United States: Empirical Studies with Randomized Experimental Designs

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study summarizes the current status and performance of educational voucher programs in the United States. The programs feature a type of means-tested voucher especially for the poor. They consist of two forms of vouchers supported either by government or private foundations. This study analyzes the effectiveness of randomized voucher programs. Recent empirical studies have reported a consistently high level of satisfaction with them among US parents. In addition, there have been remarkable academic achievements in math and reading for blacks. However, the positive effects of the voucher on short-term academic performance are still controversial. Further studies are required to explore the effects of the expansion of voucher programs on public schools and on the performance of private non-sectarian schools. The recent experiences of Chile and Columbia, where national experiments of educational vouchers have been conducted, can provide various policy implications for this future research.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 미국의 교육바우처의 현황과 그 성과를 살펴보고 있다. 이 프로그램은 빈곤집단을 대상으로 한 자산형 바우처(means tested voucher)의 성격을 가지고 있다. 미국의 교육바우처는 주정부 또는 연방정부가 지원하는 것과 민간재단이 지원하는 것으로 구분된다. 본 연구는 이 중에서 무작위 실험연구가 가능한 프로그램들의 효과를 분석하고 있다. 최근 실증연구에 따르면 미국 교육바우처에 대한 학부모의 만족도는 매우 높다. 특히 교육바우처의 학업향상효과는 흑인집단과 산수과목에서 두드러진다. 하지만 교육바우처의 이용으로 단기간에 나타난 학업성적의 향상 정도에 대해서는 다소 논란이 있다. 앞으로 교육바우처가 확대된다면 기존 공립학교가 어떤 영향을 받을지 그리고 여기에 참여하는 비종교계통의 사립학교들이 어떤 성과를 거둘지 추가 연구가 필요하다. 이와 관련하여 칠레나 콜롬비아처럼 대규모 교육바우처를 시행한 국가들의 경험은 향후 연구에 좋은 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

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