Pro-social and anti-social behaviour

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of illustrations = xiii
• Acknowledgements = xv
• 1 Introducing pro-social and anti-social behaviour = 1
• Introducing pro-social behaviour = 2
• Real-life examples = 3
• Why help others? = 3
• The Kitty Genovese tragedy = 4
• Defining pro-social behaviour = 5
• Introducing anti-social behaviour = 7
• Hostile and instrumental aggression = 7
• Anti-social aggression = 8
• Pro-social aggression = 9
• Sanctioned aggression = 10
• Psychological approaches to pro-social behaviour = 10
• Psychological approaches to anti-social behaviour = 11
• Section Ⅰ PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR = 13
• 2 Traditional explanations of pro-social behaviour = 15
• Biological explanations = 15
• Natural selection = 15
• Reciprocal altruism = 15
• Kin selection = 16
• Genetic determinism = 16
• Learning explanations = 17
• Learning theory = 17
• Age differences and helping = 20
• Summary = 21
• 3 Social-psychological explanations of pro-social behaviour = 23
• Norm theories = 23
• Reciprocity norm = 24
• Social responsibility norm = 25
• Personalised norms = 26
• Empathy and arousal in pro-social behaviour = 29
• Introduction = 29
• The negative-state relief model = 30
• The empathy-altruism model = 32
• The empathic-joy hypothesis = 33
• Empathic joy in children = 34
• Cognitive explanations of pro-social behaviour = 35
• The Latan$$\acute e$$ and Darley cognitive model = 35
• Attributions and helping = 39
• Cost-benefit analysis = 39
• Summary = 41
• 4 Individual and environmental explanations of pro-social behaviour = 43
• Personal determinants of helping : who helps whom? = 43
• Characteristics of the potential helper = 43
• Characteristics of those in need = 47
• Gender and cultural differences in pro-social behaviour = 48
• Introduction = 48
• Gender differences = 48
• Cultural differences = 49
• Field research = 49
• In-group and out-group behaviour = 50
• Situational determinants of helping behaviour = 51
• City versus rural life = 51
• The stimulus overload theory = 52
• Pro-social behaviour and environmental psychology = 52
• Pleasant odours = 53
• Noise = 53
• Density and crowding = 54
• Temperature = 54
• Summary = 55
• 5 Bystander effects on pro-social behaviour = 57
• Bystander effects in the laboratory = 57
• The Darley and Latan$$\acute e$$ studies = 57
• Further Darley and Latan$$\acute e$$ studies = 59
• Explaining bystander effects in the laboratory = 60
• Audience inhibition = 60
• Diffusion of responsibility = 60
• Pluralistic ignorance = 61
• Bystander effects in the natural environment = 62
• Introduction = 62
• Subway samaritans = 64
• Summary = 66
• Section Ⅱ ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
• 6 Traditional explanations of anti-social behaviour = 69
• Instinct theories of anti-social behaviour = 69
• Freud on aggression = 69
• Lorenz on aggression = 70
• Social learning and aggression = 72
• Introduction = 72
• Laboratory studies of imitation on and reinforcement = 72
• Cultural diversity and learning = 75
• Summary = 76
• 7 Social psychological explanations of anti-social behaviour = 79
• The frustration-aggression hypothesis = 80
• Laboratory demonstrations of frustration-aggression = 80
• Measuring aggression in the laboratory = 81
• Variables affecting frustration-aggression = 82
• Frustration and anti-social behaviour = 83
• The weapons effect = 85
• Laboratory demonstrations of the weapons effect = 86
• Weapons and cultural differences = 87
• The excitation transfer theory = 88
• Experimental support = 89
• Cognitive neoassociationism = 90
• The social construction of aggression = 91
• Impression management = 92
• Social constructionism and aggressive crowds = 92
• Deindividuation and anti-social behaviour = 93
• Laboratory studies of deindividuation = 94
• Deindividuation in children = 95
• Extremes of deindividuation = 96
• Summary = 97
• 8 Individual and environmental explanations of anti-social behaviour = 99
• Anti-social behaviour and the individual = 99
• Personality and aggression = 99
• Dispositional anti-social behaviour = 100
• Determinants of dispositional aggression = 101
• Alcohol consumption and aggression = 102
• Sexual arousal and aggression = 103
• Gender differences : biological or social = 105
• Anti-social behaviour and environmental psychology = 105
• Temperature = 105
• Theories of temperature and aggression = 107
• Density and crowding = 107
• Noise = 108
• Unpleasant odours = 109
• Summary = 110
• 9 Reducing and controlling anti-social behaviour = 113
• Controlling aggression with punishment = 113
• Punishment and children = 114
• Punishment and adults = 115
• Catharsis and aggression reduction = 116
• Catharsis and direct aggression = 116
• Catharsis and sport = 117
• Alternative strategies for aggression reduction = 118
• Incompatible responses = 118
• Non-aggressive environments = 118
• Attribution training = 118
• Counteracting deindividuation = 119
• Summary = 119
• Section Ⅲ MEDIA INFLUENCES ON PRO- AND ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR = 121
• 10 Pro- and anti-social behaviour and the media = 123
• Pro-social behaviour and the media = 124
• Pro-social television programmes = 124
• Anti-social to pro-social = 125
• Anti-social behaviour and the media = 126
• Imitation follows observation = 126
• Studying the effects of television violence = 127
• Laboratory studies of the link between media and aggression = 127
• Field studies of the media and aggression = 129
• Longitudinal studies of the media and aggression = 129
• Cross-cultural studies = 130
• Alternative media and aggression = 131
• Video violence = 131
• Computer, arcade games and violence = 132
• The effects of watching television violence = 132
• The extent of the problem = 133
• How much violence is actually shown on television = 134
• What viewers consider as violence = 134
• Conclusions = 135
• What can be done? = 136
• Summary = 137
• 11 Study aids = 139
• Glossary = 149
• References = 155
• Index = 169