Leptospira and leptospirosis

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Chapter 1 A Brief History of Leptospirosis
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 1
• Ⅱ. The Early History of Weil's Disease = 1
• Ⅲ. The Discovery That a Spirochete Caused Weil's Disease = 5
• A. The Discovery of Other Leptospires and Rats as Carriers of Leptospires = 9
• B. Leprospirosis as a Significant Infection in Animals and as a Zoonosis = 9
• C. Occupational Leptospirosis = 10
• D. Clinical Leptospirosis in Humans = 10
• E. Immunity = 11
• F. Diagnosis = 11
• G. Therapy, Immunization, Prevention = 12
• References = 13
• Chapter 2 A Brief History of the Bacteriology of Leptospira
• Ⅰ. Early Studies = 21
• A. "Leptospira Icteroides" Claimed as the Cause of Yellow Fever = 21
• B. Electron Microscopy = 22
• C. Culture Media = 22
• D. Classification = 23
• Ⅱ. The Nomenclature of the Type Strains of Leptospira = 26
• Ⅲ. Influences on the History of Leptospira and Leptospirosis = 27
• References = 30
• Chapter 3 Morphology and Chemical Composition
• Ⅰ. Spirochetes and the Order Spirochaetales = 35
• Ⅱ. The Leptospiraceae and Leptospira = 35
• A. Microscopic Appearance = 35
• B. Electron Microscopy = 37
• C. Chemical composition = 43
• References = 50
• Chapter 4 Physiology and Growth
• Ⅰ. Physiology = 55
• A. Motility = 55
• B. Chemotaxis = 57
• C. Cell Elongation and Division = 57
• ⅡGrowth = 57
• A. Optimum Conditions for Growth = 58
• B. Growth Curves and Growth Rates = 58
• C. Cultures = 59
• D. Mutual Antagonisms and Coexistence In Vitro and In Vivo = 62
• Ⅲ. Susceptibility and Resistance to Environmental Influences = 62
• A. Physical and Chemical Agents = 62
• B. Susceptibility to Antibiotics In Vitro = 63
• C. Filterability = 63
• D. Survival = 63
• References = 73
• Chapter 5 Metabolism, Nutrition, and Cultivation
• Ⅰ. Enzymes and Metabolism = 77
• A. Respiratory and Energy Metabolism = 77
• B. Lipid Metabolism = 77
• C. Nitrogen Metabolism = 79
• D. Other Enzymes = 79
• E. Purines and Pyrimidines = 79
• Ⅱ. Nutritional Requirements = 80
• A. Carbon Sources = 80
• B. Nitrogen Sources and Other Growth Requirements = 81
• Ⅲ. Cultivation = 81
• A. Principles and Media Available = 81
• References = 6
• Chapter 6 Genetics and Variability
• Ⅰ. The Leptospiral Genome = 91
• A. The Leptospiral Genome = 91
• B. RNA Genes = 91
• C. DNA Genes and Genetic Elements Identified = 92
• Ⅱ. Genetic Considerations In Variability
• A. Observations of Variability in Leptospires = 92
• Ⅲ. Transfer of Genetic Information = 95
• References = 95
• Chapter 7 Antigenic Structures and Components
• Ⅰ. Some Concepts of Leptospiral Antigens = 101
• A. Terminology = 101
• B. The Main Types of Reactions of Leptospiral Antigens = 101
• Ⅱ. The Search for the Basis of Specificity of Serological Reactions = 106
• A. Levels of Specificity = 106
• B. Concepts of Serovar Specificity = 106
• C. The Need to Define and Characteirze Specific Antigens = 107
• D. Some Charcterized, or Partly Characterized, Preparations of Antigens = 107
• E. Cross Reactions of Leptospiral and Other Bacterial Antigens = 109
• F. Cross Reaction with Tissue Antigens = 110
• Ⅲ. Cellular Location of Antigens = 110
• References = 111
• Chapter 8 Taxonomy, Classification, and Nomenclature
• Ⅰ. Taxonomy of Leptospira and Related Bacteria = 117
• A. Phylogenetic Relationships = 117
• B. Genetic Taxonomy = 117
• Ⅱ. Systems of Classification = 118
• A. Genetic Classification by DNA Relationships = 118
• B. Serological Classification and Nomenclature = 121
• References = 140
• Chapter 9 A Brief Overview of the Disease, Leptospirosis
• Ⅰ. General Features = 145
• A. Susceptibility of Host Animals ; Resistance and Carrier States = 146
• Ⅱ. Clinical Aspects of the Disease = 147
• A. Leptospirosis in Humans = 147
• B. Leptospirosis in Animals = 147
• C. Pathogenesis and Pathology = 148
• D. Immunity = 148
• E. Diagnosis and Prognosis = 149
• Ⅲ. Epidemiology = 149
• A. Occurrence and Transmission = 149
• B. The Extent of the Socio-Economic Problem = 150
• Ⅳ. Treatment, Prevention, and Control = 150
• Ⅴ. Prevention = 151
• Ⅵ. Economic Importance of Leptospirosis = 151
• References = 152
• Chapter 10 Pathogenesis, Virulence, and Immunity
• Ⅰ.Virulence and Phatogenesis - The Interactions of Microbial and Host Factors in the Development of Leptospirosis = 154
• A. Entry = 154
• B. Survival = 154
• C. Spread and Growth = 156
• D. Clearance From the Bloodstream and Tissues ; Phagocytosis = 158
• E. Loss and Regaining of Virulence in Culture = 159
• F. Nutritional Bases of Virulence = 161
• Ⅱ. Pathogenic Mechanisms = 161
• A. Adhesions = 161
• B. Toxicity = 162
• C. Other Pathogenic Mechanisms = 165
• Ⅲ. The Basis of Immunity = 165
• A. Immunity to Intial Infection = 165
• B. Immunity to Reinfection = 169
• Ⅳ. Measurement of Virulence and Immunity = 170
• A. Choice and Standardization of a Test System = 171
• B. Statistical Assessment of Results = 173
• C. Measurement of Passive Immunity = 173
• D. Measurement of Active Immunity = 174
• V. Immunization - Principles of Preparation and Use of Vaccines and Immunotherapy = 174
• A. Principles = 174
• B. Preparations = 174
• C. Adjuvants = 175
• D. Efficacy = 175
• E. Side Effects = 175
• References = 176
• Chapter 11 Pathological Changes in Humans and Animals
• Ⅰ. Basic Lesions and Pathology = 185
• Ⅱ. Main Pathological Changes = 185
• A. Macroscopic and Microscopic Anatomic Pathology in Humans = 187
• B. Pathological Changes in Animals = 189
• References = 195
• Chapter 12 Clinical Leptospirosis in Humans
• Ⅰ. clinical Features = 199
• A. Presentation, Onset, and Course = 199
• B. Rash = 201
• C. Myositis and Arthritis = 201
• D. Renal Symptoms and Insufficiency = 201
• E. Liver Symptoms and Jaundice = 202
• F. Involvement of the Nervous System = 202
• G. Respiratory Tract Involvement = 203
• H. Myocarditis = 204
• I. Bleeding and Hematological Changes = 204
• J. Ocular Manifestations and Changes = 204
• K. Leptospirosis in Pregnancy ; Fetal and Congenital Leptospirosis = 204
• I. Chronic, Persistent, and Late Onset Leptospirosis = 205
• M. Leptospirosis in Children = 205
• Ⅱ. Clinical Laboratory Observations = 205
• Ⅲ. Differential Diagnosis = 206
• Ⅳ. Management and Treatment = 207
• A. General Management and Treatment = 207
• B. Specific and Antibiotic Treatment = 210
• Ⅴ. Prognosis = 211
• Ⅵ. Immunity and Reinfection = 211
• References = 211
• Chapter 13 Clinical Leptospirosis in Animals
• Ⅰ. Leptospirosis in Domesticated Animals = 215
• A. Cattle and Deer = 215
• B. Swine = 218
• C. Dogs and Cats = 220
• D. Horses = 221
• E. Sheep and Goats = 221
• F. Laboratory Animals - Rodents and Nonhuman Primates = 222
• Ⅱ. Leptospirosis in wild Animals = 224
• A. Feral Rodents and Marsupials, and Other Wild Animals = 224
• B. Leptospirosis in Birds = 224
• C. Leptospirosis in Poikilothermic Vertebrates and Other Animals = 224
• References = 225
• Chapter 14 Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis of Leptospirosis
• Ⅰ. Choice, Timing, and Interpretation of Specific Diagnostic Tests = 229
• A. Bacteriological Diagnosis of Acute Leptospirosis in Humans and Animals = 229
• B. Inoculation of Laboratory Animals = 233
• C. Serological Diagnosis in Acute Leptospirosis = 234
• D. Bacteriological Diagnosis in Chronic Leptospirosis, Including Carrier-Excretor Stages = 236
• E. Serological Diagnosis in Chronic Infection or Carrier Stages = 237
• References = 238
• Chapter 15 Sources, Transmission, and Spread of Leptospirosis
• ⅠSources of Infection = 243
• A. Animal Sources and Cycles of Infection = 243
• Ⅱ. Methods of Transmission = 243
• A. Direct Transmission = 243
• B. Indirect Transmission = 244
• C. Portals of Entry = 245
• Ⅲ. Cycles of Infection = 246
• A. Maintenance - Hosts and Accidental-Hosts (Incidental - Hosts) = 246
• B. Ecological Considerations = 246
• Ⅳ. Some Examples of Epidemiology and Epizootiology = 249
• A. The Main Current Leptospiroses = 249
• B. Spread Among Animals = 250
• C. Spread to Humans = 251
• D. Spread Among Humans = 252
• Ⅴ. Human Factors in the Social Geography and Epidemiology of Leptospirosis = 253
• A. Epidemiological Patterns and Groups = 253
• B. Geographical and Climatic Factors = 254
• C. Social and Cultural Factors = 255
• Ⅵ. Tracing, Identifying, and Quantifying Sources of Infection = 257
• A. Finding Sources = 257
• B. Quantifying Risk Factors = 258
• References = 259
• Chapter 16 Prevention of Leptospirosis, 1. Prevention and Prediction Through Surveillance and Statistics
• Ⅰ. Surveillance = 267
• A. Sources of Epidemiological Information for Leptospirosis in Humans = 267
• B. Sources of Epidemiological Information for Leptospirosis in Animals = 273
• Ⅱ. Epidemics and Epizootics = 276
• A. Definitions = 276
• B. Recognition and Prediction = 276
• References = 277
• Chapter 17 Prevention of Leptospirosis, 2. Measures for Control and Prevention
• Ⅰ. Tracing Sources and Controlling Transmission = 279
• A. Identification of Sources of Infection in Farm and Domestic Animals = 280
• B. Identification and Management of Sources of Infection in Feral and Wild Animals = 283
• C. Environmental Sources of Leptospirosis and Their control = 285
• D. Chemoprophylaxis in Animals and Humans = 286
• E. Education, for Veterinary Public Health and Human Disease = 286
• F. Occupational Hygiene = 288
• G. Immunization of Animals and Humans = 291
• H. Action in Epidemics = 295
• I. Evaluation of Control Measures = 296
• Ⅱ. Organization and Administration of Control = 296
• A. Laboratory Services = 296
• B. Administrative Services = 298
• C. International Administration and Support = 298
• References = 299
• Chapter 18 Outstanding Problems = 303
• Chapter 19 Methods
• Ⅰ. Microscopy = 305
• A. Light Microscopy = 305
• B. Electron Microscopy = 308
• C. Stained Preparations and Staining Methods = 308
• Ⅱ. Enumeration of Leptospires = 310
• A. Direct Counting = 310
• B. Plate Counts = 311
• C. Indirect Counting = 311
• Ⅲ. Culture Methods = 312
• A. General Methods and Comments = 312
• B. Culture Media = 312
• C. Choice of Culture Media = 317
• D. Purification of Contaminated Cultures = 317
• E. Preservation of Leptospiral Cultures = 318
• Ⅳ. Serological Methods = 318
• A. Preparation of Reference Antisera and Antisera for Identification of Isolates = 318
• B. Microscopic Agglutination Tests (MAT) and Related Agglutination Tests = 319
• C. ELISA and Related Tests = 321
• D. Immunofluorescence = 321
• E. Hemagglutination, Complement Fixation, and Other Tests = 321
• F. Absorption and Cross Absorption of Antisera = 321
• G. Determination of Serovar and Serogroup = 322
• H. Monoclonal Antibodies = 322
• Ⅴ. identification of Isolates = 322
• A. Phenotypic Characteristics = 322
• B. Genotyping Methods = 322
• Ⅵ. Animal Experimental Techniques = 323
• Ⅶ. Medical and Veterinary Diagnostic Methods = 323
• Ⅷ. Vaccines = 323
• Ⅸ. Safety = 323
• A. Microbiological Safety = 323
• B. Administration of Safety Policy = 324
• C. Risks from Environmental and Clinical Specimens = 325
• D. Risks from Field or Experimental Animals = 325
• References = 326
• Index = 331