Ethiopia

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• STRATEGIC AND DEVELOPMENT PROFILES = 13
• STRATEGIC PROFILE = 13
• Geography = 13
• People = 15
• Government = 16
• Economy = 18
• Communications = 20
• Transportation = 21
• Military = 22
• Transnational Issues = 22
• IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR UNDERSTANDING THE COUNTRY = 23
• GEOGRAPHY = 23
• Physical Setting = 23
• Boundaries : International and Administrative = 23
• Topography and Drainage = 23
• Climate = 25
• NARCOTICS CONTROL STRATEGY = 26
• Status of Country = 26
• Country Actions Against Drugs in 1999 = 26
• U.S. Policy Initiatives = 27
• HISTORY = 28
• The Aksumite State = 29
• Ethiopia and the Early Islamic Period = 31
• The Zagwe Dynasty = 32
• The "Restoration" of the "Solomonic" Line = 33
• Amhara Ascendancy = 34
• The Trials of the Christian Kingdom and the Decline of Imperial Power = 35
• Growth of Regional Muslim States = 35
• Oromo Migrations and Their Impact = 37
• Contact with European Christendom = 38
• The Gonder State and the Ascendancy of the Nobility = 39
• The Making of Modern Ethiopia = 40
• The Reestablishment of the Ethiopian Monarchy = 40
• From Tewodros Ⅱ to Menelik Ⅱ, 1885-89 = 41
• The Reign of Menelik Ⅱ, 1889-1913 = 43
• The Interregnum = 45
• Haile Selassie : The Prewar Period, 1930-36 = 47
• Italian Rule and World War Ⅱ = 48
• Italian Administration in Eritrea = 48
• Mussolini's Invasion and the Italian Occupation = 48
• Ethiopia in World War Ⅱ = 50
• The Postwar Period, 1945-60 : Reform and Opposition = 51
• Change and Resistance = 51
• Administrative Change and the 1955 Constitution = 52
• The Attempted Coup of 1960 and Its Aftermath = 54
• Growth of Secessionist Threats = 54
• The Liberation Struggle in Eritrea = 54
• Discontent in Tigray = 56
• The Ogaden and the Haud = 57
• Revolution and Military Government = 58
• Background to Revolution, 1960-74 = 58
• The Establishment of the Derg = 59
• The Struggle for Power, 1974-77 = 61
• Ethiopia's Road to Socialism = 63
• The Mengistu Regime and Its Impact = 63
• Political Struggles Within the Government = 64
• War in the Ogaden and the Turn to the Soviet Union = 64
• Eritrean and Tigrayan Insurgencies = 65
• Social and Political Changes = 66
• Ethiopia in Crisis : Famine and Its Aftermath, 1984-88 = 66
• Famine and Economic Collapse = 66
• Government Defeats in Eritrea and Tigray = 67
• The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia = 68
• POPULATION = 70
• Size, Distribution, and Growth = 70
• Ethnic Groups, Ethnicity, and Language = 72
• Ethio-Semitic Language Groups = 72
• Cushitic Language Groups = 74
• Omotic Language Groups = 77
• Nilo-Saharan Language Groups = 78
• Occupational Castes = 78
• Ethnic and Social Relations = 78
• Interethnic Relations = 78
• Social Relations = 80
• RELIGION = 83
• Demography and Geography of Religious Affiliation = 83
• Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity = 84
• Organization of the Church and the Clergy = 84
• Faith and Practice = 85
• Islam = 86
• Basic Teachings of Islam = 86
• Local Character of Belief and Practice = 89
• Indigenous Religions = 89
• CULTURE & TRADITIONS = 90
• Traditions = 90
• Clothing = 90
• Holidays & Festivals = 90
• Enkutatash New Year = 91
• Maskal, the Finding of the True Cross = 91
• Timket = 92
• Kullubi, Feast of St. Gabriel = 92
• Sheik Hussein = 93
• POLITICAL AND GOVERNMENT SYSTEM = 94
• ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION = 94
• Afar National Regional State = 94
• Amhara National Regional State = 96
• Benishangul／Gumuz National Regional State = 98
• Gambella National Regional State = 100
• Harari National Regional State = 101
• Oromiya National Regional State = 103
• Somali National Regional State = 107
• Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Regional State = 110
• Tigray National Regional State = 112
• CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA = 114
• The Making of the Constitution = 114
• The Completing of the Draft Constitution = 115
• A Constitution is Born = 115
• Women's Symposium held = 115
• Cultural Impediments to Women's Rights = 116
• THE MUSLIM PERSPECTIVE = 116
• The Women's Recommendations = 116
• Elders' Conference held = 117
• The Views of the Ethiopian Diaspora = 118
• ISSUES SUPPORTED BY THE PUBLIC INCLUDED = 118
• THE EXECUTIVE POWER = 119
• President of the Ethiopian Federal Democratic Republic(FDRE) = 119
• Dr. Negaso Gidada = 119
• Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers = 119
• LEGISLATURE = 120
• THE JUDICIARY = 120
• Structure And Independence = 120
• Protection Of Rights And Freedoms = 121
• Training = 122
• Civil Service College = 122
• Fight Against Corruption = 122
• FOREIGN RELATIONS = 123
• U.S.-Ethiopia Relations = 124
• NATIONAL FLAG OF ETHIOPIA = 125
• WORKER RIGHTS = 125
• a. The Right of Association = 125
• b. The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively = 126
• c. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor = 127
• d. Status of Child Labor Practices and Minimum Age for Employment = 127
• e. Acceptable Conditions of Work = 128
• f. Trafficking in Persons = 128
• STRATEGIC INFORMATION FOR BUSINESS AND INVESTMENT ACTIVITY = 130
• BUISNESS CLIMATE AND CONDITIONS = 130
• I Current income divided by sales. = 132
• ECONOMY = 134
• Major Trends = 135
• Principal Growth Sectors = 136
• Government Role in the Economy = 137
• Balance of Payments Situation = 138
• Infrastructure = 138
• INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE MTO ETHIOPIA = 139
• US ASSISTANCE = 139
• The Development Challenge = 140
• Other Donors = 141
• FY 2000 Program = 141
• INVESTMENT AND BUSINESS CLIMATE = 142
• Economic Reform = 143
• Getting Prices Right = 143
• Privatisation and Foreign Investment = 143
• Financial reforms = 144
• Economic Performance : Growth with Stability = 145
• Inflation = 145
• Balance of Payments = 146
• Foreign Exchange = 146
• Efficiency and Resource Allocation = 146
• Export Promotion = 146
• Infrastructure = 147
• The Foreign Investment Regime = 147
• OPENNESS TO FOREIGN INVESTMENT: = 149
• INVESTMENT CODE = 150
• PRIVATIZATION PROCESS = 151
• CONVERSION AND TRANSFER POLICIES: = 151
• EXPROPRIATION AND COMPENSATION: = 152
• DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: = 152
• PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT／INCENTIVES: = 153
• RIGHT TO PRIVATE OWNERSHIP AND ESTABLISHMENT: = 154
• PROTECTION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS: = 154
• THE LAND ISSUE = 154
• TRANSPARENCY OF THE REGULATORY SYSTEM: = 155
• EFFICIENT CAPITAL MARKETS AND PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT: = 155
• POLITICAL VIOLENCE: = 156
• CORRUPTION: = 156
• BILATERAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENT: = 156
• OPIC AND OTHER INVESTMENT INSURANCE PROGRAMS: = 157
• LABOR = 157
• FOREIGN TRADE ZONES／FREE PORTS: = 158
• FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT STATISTICS: = 158
• INVESTMENT CONDITIONS = 159
• Ethiopia's Political Environment = 159
• Business Climate and Attitudes to Investment = 159
• Economy = 160
• Investment Track Record = 162
• Limitations on Foreign Investment = 164
• Export Markets = 164
• The Middle East = 165
• The Rest of Africa = 165
• The Developed World = 165
• Labour Issues = 166
• Labour availability and quality = 166
• Labour Costs = 167
• Labour Conditions and Regulations = 168
• Property Issues = 169
• Costs & Availability = 169
• Conditions = 169
• Industrial Development Zones = 169
• Financial Sector = 170
• Utilities = 170
• Electricity = 170
• Water = 170
• Transport Infrastructure = 170
• Roads = 170
• Rail and Ports = 172
• Air = 172
• Telecommunications = 172
• Taxation and Incentives = 174
• Taxation = 174
• Incentives = 175
• Customs Import Duty = 175
• Income Tax Holiday = 175
• Research & Development Incentives = 176
• Remittance of Capital = 176
• Losses carried forward = 176
• Business Associations = 177
• ORGANIZING A PRIVATE BUSINESS INVESTMENT = 177
• Approval Procedures = 178
• Approval Time = 178
• Fees and Expenses = 179
• Building and Construction Permits = 179
• Areas Reserved for Domestic investors = 179
• Operational Characteristics = 179
• Exit = 180
• Ownership = 180
• Intellectual Property = 180
• Investment Protection = 180
• Exchanging and Remitting Funds = 181
• The Future = 181
• PRACTICAL AND LEGAL INFORMATION FOR CONDUCTING BUSINESS = 182
• LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR BUSINESS OPERATION = 182
• Forms of Business Operation in Ethiopia = 182
• Methods of Doing Business = 182
• Sole Trader = 182
• Business Organization = 182
• General partnership = 183
• Limited partnership = 183
• Private limited company = 184
• Share Company = 184
• Joint venture = 185
• Registration of Business Organization = 185
• Branch and Representative Office = 186
• Branch company = 186
• Representative office = 186
• PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR INVESTING = 187
• Guideline for the Preparation of Project Profile = 187
• Contents of a Project Profile = 187
• Background and Objective = 188
• Market Study and Capacity Planning = 188
• Product／Service Description = 188
• Demand and Supply Structure = 188
• Marketing and Distribution System = 188
• Capacity = 189
• Technical Study = 189
• Project Components = 189
• Process Description = 189
• Machinery／Equipment = 189
• Facility Layout = 189
• Civil Work = 189
• Material Inputs = 190
• Utilities = 190
• Manpower = 190
• Project Location and Environmental Impact Study = 190
• Implementation Plan = 190
• Financial Analysis = 191
• Presentation Format = 191
• Supporting Documents = 191
• Investment Areas Eligible for Incentives = 191
• Pioneer Investment Activities = 191
• Promoted Investment Activities = 192
• Investment Activities Eligible for Duty-free Privilege Only = 192
• Construction contracting = 192
• Incentives = 193
• Types of Incentives = 193
• Income Tax Exemption Privilege(Tax-holiday) and losses carry forward = 193
• (IN YEARS) = 194
• LOSS CARRY FORWARD = 194
• Machinery and Equipment Exempted from Payment of Customs Duty = 194
• CONDITIONS FOR APPROVAL OF INVESTMENT AND INCENTIVES = 196
• Pre-conditions = 196
• Criteria For Project Evaluation = 198
• Conditions of Eligibility for Investment Permit = 199
• Conditions of Eligibility for Investment Incentives = 199
• Conditions For Approval of Exemptions From Customs Duty for Machinery／Equipment Arrivals at Port = 200
• Miscellaneous Issues = 201
• 1. Investment And Investor = 204
• 1.1 Domestic Investor = 204
• 1.2 Foreign Investor = 204
• 2. Forms Of Business Organizations = 204
• 3. Foreign National Taken For Domestic Investor = 205
• 3.1 Foreign National, Ethiopian by Birth = 205
• 3.2 Foreign National Permanently Residing in Ethiopia = 206
• 4. AREAS OF INVESTMENT = 206
• 4.1 Areas of Investment Reserved for Domestic Investors = 206
• 4.2 Areas of Investment Open for Foreign Investors = 208
• 5. Investment Permit = 208
• 5.1 Need for Investment Permit = 208
• 5.2 Investment Permit from Where? = 209
• 5.3 Application for Investment Permit = 210
• 5.4 Renewal of Investment Permit = 211
• 5.5 Investment Permit and Renewal Fee = 211
• 6. Investment Incentives = 211
• 6.1 Types of Incentives Offered under the Investment Incentives Regulation and Related Laws = 212
• a) Exemption From customs Duty = 212
• b) Exemption From Income Tax = 213
• c) Carry Forward of Losses = 213
• d) Expenditures on Research and Training = 213
• e) Methods of Computation of Depreciation = 213
• f) Other Types of Incentives = 214
• 6.2 Investment Areas Eligible for Incentives = 214
• 6.3 Projects Ineligible for Income Tax Exemption by Virtue of Being Located in Addis = 214
• 6.4 Documents Required to Write Duty Exemption Letter = 215
• 6.5 Preconditions For Income Tax Exemption Letter = 215
• 7. Transfer of Investment Permit and Incentives = 216
• 8. Registration of Foreign Investment Capital = 216
• 9. Appeal Procedure = 216
• 10. Investment Guarantee and Settlement of Disputes = 216
• 11. One-Stop Shop Service = 217
• Other Services = 217
• 12. Principal Registration = 217
• 12.1 Principal Registration of a Sole Proprietorship(Foreign) = 218
• 12.2 Principal Business Registration of a Share Company = 218
• 12.3 Principal Business Registration of a Private Limited Company = 219
• 12.4 Business Registration of Branch Offices of Foreign Companies Registered Outside of Ethiopia = 219
• Business Registration Fees = 220
• 13. Operating License = 220
• Operating License Fee = 221
• 14. Work Permit = 221
• 15. Renewal of License／Permit and Amendment to Registration = 222
• Clients' Complaints Presentation procedure = 222
• INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES = 224
• Privatisation = 224
• Agriculture = 224
• Cash Crops = 224
• Horticulture = 225
• Irrigated Agriculture = 225
• Livestock = 225
• Fishing = 225
• Apiculture = 225
• Forestry = 226
• Agri-business = 226
• Food Processing = 226
• Mining = 226
• Infrastructure = 227
• Power = 227
• Telecommunications = 227
• Health and Education = 227
• Manufacturing = 227
• Tourism = 228
• Specific Business Investment Opportunities = 228
• TRADE REGULATIONS = 228
• TRADE BARRIERS: = 228
• CUSTOMS REGULATIONS = 228
• TARIFF RATES = 229
• IMPORT TAXES = 229
• IMPORT LICENSES = 229
• TEMPORARY ENTRY = 229
• SPECIAL IMPORT／EXPORT REQUIREMENTS AND CERTIFICATIONS = 229
• LABELING, MARKING REQUIREMENTS = 229
• PROHIBITED IMPORTS: = 229
• WARRANTY AND NON-WARRANTY REPAIRS = 230
• EXPORT CONTROLS: = 230
• STANDARDS = 230
• FREE TRADE ZONES = 230
• MEMBERSHIP IN FREE TRADE ARRANGEMENTS: = 230
• CUSTOMS CONTACT INFORMATION = 230
• LEADING SECTORS FOR BUSINESS AND INVESTMENTS = 231
• BEST PROSPECTS FOR NON-AGRICULTURAL GOODS AND SERVICES: = 231
• Aviation = 231
• Road Construction = 231
• Telecommunications = 231
• Hydro-Electric = 231
• Tourism = 232
• Airport Equipment = 232
• BEST PROSPECTS FOR AGRICULTURAL GOODS AND SERVICES: = 232
• MARKETING PRODUCTS AND SERVICES = 233
• DISTRIBUTION AND SALES CHANNELS = 233
• USE OF AGENTS AND DISTRIBUTORS ; FINDING A PARTNER: = 233
• FRANCHISING: = 233
• DIRECT MARKETING = 233
• JOINT VENTURES／LICENSING: = 233
• ESTABLISHING AN OFFICE = 233
• SELLING FACTORS／TECHNIQUES = 234
• ADVERTISING AND TRADE PROMOTION = 234
• PRICING PRODUCTS: = 235
• SALES SERVICE／CUSTOMER SUPPORT = 235
• SELLING TO THE GOVERNMENT = 235
• PROTECTING PRODUCTS FROM IPR INFRINGEMENT = 235
• NEED FOR A LOCAL ATTORNEY = 235
• PERFORMING DUE DILIGENCE = 235
• TRADE AND PROJECT FINANCING = 235
• BANKING SYSTEM: = 235
• FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTROLS: = 236
• GENERAL AVAILABILITY OF FINANCING: = 236
• HOW TO FINANCE EXPORTS／METHODS OF PAYMENT: = 237
• TYPES OF AVAILABLE EXPORT FINANCING = 237
• AVAILABILITY OF PROJECT FINANCING = 237
• TYPES OF PROJECTS: = 237
• BANKS WITH CORRESPONDENT U.S. BANKING ARRANGEMENTS: = 238
• STARTING BUSINESS = 239
• BASIC INFORMATION = 239
• Regulations governing foreign investment = 240
• Legal forms = 241
• Procedures for investment = 241
• Labour considerations = 241
• Taxes = 241
• Investment incentives = 242
• Contacts FOR BUSINESS = 243
• IMPORTANT LAWS AND REGULATIONS = 244
• CONSTITITIONS OF ETHIOPIA = 244
• Preamble = 244
• CHAPTER ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS = 244
• CHAPTER TWO FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTION = 245
• CHAPTER THREE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS = 246
• PART ONE HUMAN RIGHTS = 247
• PART TWO DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS = 251
• CHAPTER FOUR STATE STRUCTURE = 259
• CHAPTER FIVE THE STRUCTURE AND DIVISION OF POWERS = 261
• CHAPTER SIX THE FEDERAL HOUSES = 263
• PART TWO THE HOUSE OF THE FEDERATION = 267
• CHAPTER SEVEN THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC = 269
• CHAPTER EIGHT THE EXECUTIVE = 270
• CHAPTER NINE STRUCTURE AND POWERS OF THE COURTS = 272
• CHAPTER TEN NATIONAL POLICY PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES = 276
• CHAPTER ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS = 279
• TRAVELING TO ETHIOPIA = 285
• US STATE DEPARTMENT SUGGESTIONS = 285
• GETTING THERE = 289
• GETTING AROUND = 289
• ACCOMMODATION = 290
• MONEY = 291
• SUPPLEMENT = 292
• SELECTED OFFICIAL MATERIALS = 292
• U.S. EMBASSY AND MEDAC SIGN AGREEMENTS WORTH 155 MILLION DOLLARS = 292
• US AND COUNTRY CONTACTS = 293
• 1. EthiopiaN Federal Government agencies: = 293
• 2. Country Trade Associations: = 294
• 3. Country Market Research Firms: = 294
• 4. Washington-based U.S. Government Contacts: = 295
• LIST OF FOREIGN FIRMS IN ETHIOPIA = 295
• AREAS OF INVESTMENT RESERVED FOR DOMESTIC INVESTORS = 299
• SELECTED GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS = 300
• Other Organizations = 301
• UNCTAD-ICC Project on Investment Guides and Capacity-building for Least Developed Countries = 302