An Historical Examination of the Film Theories and Avant-Garde Mediation of Slavko Vorkapich in Hollywood

국문 초록 (Abstract)

초창기 영화이론가인 슬라브코 보카피치(Slavko Vorkapich)는 유능한 유럽 이민자 출신자로 미국 초기 아방가르드 감독들 중의 한명이다. 그는 독특하고 변별적인 노력으로 그만의 영화개념을 만들어가고 있었다. 본 연구는 슬라브코 보카피치의 방대한 저작물을 역사적으로 살펴볼 것이다. 구체적으로 그의 이론을 역사적으로 정리한 슬라브코 보카피치 콜렉션과 몽타주 테크닉 등을 살펴보고, 그의 저작물에서 제시된 영화철학과 영상미학이 어떻게 구현되고 있는가를 밝힐 예정이다. 여기서 살펴볼 그의 저작물은 1926년에 발표된『시각언어로서 영화(FilmAs A Visual Language)』, 『예술로서의 영화(TheMotion Picture as an Art)』, 『움직임과 촬영예술(Motion and the Art of Cinematography)』등 인데 이들은 그의 아방가르드 영화인 <9413이라는 한 할리우드 엑스트라의 삶과 죽음(The Life and Death of 9413 - A Hollywood Extra)>(1928)에 반영되었다. 한편 몽타주 시퀀스는 광범위하게 할리우드 영화에 나타났는데 대표적으로 조지 쿠커(George Cukor)의 영화 <할리우드가 무슨 소용이야(What Price Hollywood?)>(1932)가 있다. 슬라브코 보카피치의 다양한 저작물은 스튜디오나 독립제작에 그의 미학적 철학을 역동적으로 재현하는데 일조하고 있다. 상업적인 영역과 아방가르드의 관계를 통해서, 그는 개념적으로 경제적이고 예술적인 심연을 성공적으로 연결했다는 점이 놀랍게 다가온다. 더욱이 상업영화인 <할리우드가 무슨 소용이야>의 몽타주 시퀀스의 분석은 이러한 연결의 구체적인 사례일 것이다. 이 영화의 예는 보카피치의 아방가르드적 스타일이 어떻게 고전적 할리우드 스튜디오 시스템 환경에서 적용될 수 있었는지를 알게 해 준다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Early film theorist Slavko Vorkapich, a talented European emigre who became one of the first avant-garde filmmakers in the United States, articulated his conception of cinema as a unique, distinctive artistic endeavor. I will historically examine extensive original primary archival materials from the Slavko Vorkapich Collection to historically contextualize his film theories, montage techniques, and investigate how he envisioned his cinematic philosophy and visual aesthetic in his theoretical writings on motion pictures regarding “Film As A Visual Language,” “The Motion Picture as an Art” and “Motion and the Art of Cinematography” in 1926 which he went on to stylistically employ in his independent avant-garde films, such as The Life and Death of 9413 ? A Hollywood Extra (Slavko Vorkapich and Robert Florey [with Gregg Toland]; US, 1928), and in montage sequences for an extensive number of Hollywood studio films, including What Price Hollywood? (George Cukor, RKO Pathe; US, 1932). Vorkapich’s diverse array of work embodies the dynamic representation of his aesthetic philosophy encompassed in both his studio and independent productions. Notable is that he manages to successfully bridge the conceptual economic and artistic abyss between the dominant commercial industry and the avant-garde. Moreover, an analysis of montage sequences in the commercial film What Price Hollywood? reveals how his avant-garde stylistic mediation functions to transform the overall narrative film text by appropriating his innovative experimental aesthetic techniques expounded on in his film theories within the mainstream commercial production environment of the classical Hollywood studio system.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Slavko Vorkapich as Film Theorist and Filmmaker
• Slavko Vorkapich’s Early Film Theories
• Slavko Vorkapich’s Avant-Garde Montage in Hollywood : What Price Hollywood?
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Abstract
• 국문초록

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Sitney, P. Adams, "Visionary Film : The American Avant-Garde 1943-1978" Oxford U P 1979

2 Vorkapich, Slavko, "Toward True Cinema" 54 (54): 884-890, 1973

3 Jewell, Richard B., "The RKO Story" Arlington Press 1982

4 Vorkapich, Slavko, "The Motion Picture as an Art"

5 Allen, Richard, "The Life and Death of 9413 - A Hollywood Extra" (21) : 12-18, 1983

6 Vorkapich, Slavko, "Special Collections, Cinematic Arts Library" University of Southern California

7 Vorkapich, Slavko, "Some Good Cuts and Some Not So Good" (Spring) : 4-5, 1972

8 Vorkapich, Slavko. Quoted in Bozidar Zevevic, "Slavko Vorkapich and Early American Film Theory" Institut za film 1981

9 Kelves, Barbara, "Slavko Vorbpich on Film as a Visual Language and as a Form of Art" 38 : 1-46, 1965

10 Vorkapich, Slavko. Lecture on Montage Theory, Museum of Modern Art Film Library’s"History of the Motion Picture, "Columbia University, New York, 20 December, "Museum of Modern Art Film Library’s “History of the Motion Picture,”" Columbia University 1938

11 Vorkapich, Slavko, "Motion in Motion Pictures"

12 Vorkapich, Slavko, "Motion and the Art of Cinematography" 10-11, 1926

13 "Montage - A Peek into the Future with Slavko Vorkapich" 18-21, 1937

14 Vorkapich, Slavko, "Interview by Ronald L. Davis. Transcript of Oral History Project" Southern Methodist University 1975

15 Denbo, Doris, "Extra No. 9413 is Snubbed: Maker of 100 Dollar Film Awaiting Big Opportunity"

16 Vorkapich, Slavko, "Cinematographic Annual, reprinted in Richard Koszarski. Hollywood Directors: 1914-1940" Oxford U P 1976

17 Zevevic, Bozidar, "Archeology of Film Theory: Slavko Vorkapich, The First of the Independents" (Summer) : 10-12, 1983

18 Vorkapich, Slavko, "A Fresh Look at the Dynamics of Filmmaking (lectures on “The Visual Nature of the Film Medium”)" 53 (53): 223-, 1972

19 Swerdloff, Arthur L., "A Comparative Analysis of the Filmic Theories of Slavko Vorkapich with those of the Literary-Dramatic and the Documentary Filmmakers" University of Southern California 1950