"兜率歌"에 對하여 = The Study of 'Duryul-ga'

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

1. '兜率歌' must be read 'Duryul-ga'.
It is recorded in Samguk-sagi and Samguk-yusa that 'Duryul-ga' was chanted at the time of King Yuri of Silla Dynasty. '兜率歌' has often been read 'Dosol-ga' or 'Tusol-ga', but this is wrong. '兜率' is of Yidu character, and it must be read 'dari'. Especially, our concern must be taken in the fact that '率' in '兜率' is of Chinese character the meaning of which is 'take' in English, and in turn denoted by 'dari-' in Korean. It is, therefore, proved that 'dari' is right judging both from its sound and from its meaning.
2. 'Duryul-ga' is a kind of song for religion service.
a) Mountains, temples or spots which are supposed to be pronounced 'dari' in Korean were the places to perform religion service to Heaven or gods.
b) Another 'Duryul-ga', chanted at the time of King Kyongduk and supposed to be descended from above mentioned 'Duryul-ga', was also a song for religion service.
c) 'Dari-', 'deri-', 'duri-', 'dori-', 'diri-', etc. which are believed to be derivatives of 'dari' had their origin in the religion service. Besides, in Japanese 'religion service' is called 'massuri'. ('Duri' in Korean was transcribed 'ssuri' in Japanese.)
3, 'Duryul-ga' is the first of the songs which were separated from synthetic art and became an independent field of art.
It is, however, written in Samguk-ji, Wi-ji, Huhan-su, etc. that they had songs in Ye, Puyeo, Goguryeo, etc. Therefore, we can't think there had not been songs till King Yuri of Silla. Consequently, "……the first of songs" must be understood as the first:
Of the songs which were separated from the synthetic art of dancing, music, songs and poetry.
Of the songs which had developed from group epics to individual lyrics.
4. 'Duryul-ga'was chanted at the time of the 14th King Yuri, not the 3rd King Yuri.
'Duryul-ga' is one of the songs for religion services. Meanwhile, records indicate us that immoral 'Guji-ga' was chanted later than moral 'Duryul-ga', This is difficult for us to understand. In addition, the time of the 3rd King Yuri still remained in the state of tribe society, Therefore, the time is not supposed to produce such individual lyrics. When was 'Duryul-ga' chanted then? It was probably at the time of the 14th King Yuri . There were two kings called Yuri, and they have often been mistaken for in various history writings.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. '兜率歌' must be read 'Duryul-ga'
• 2. 'Durul-ga' is a kind of song for religion service.
• 3. 'Duuryul-ga' is the first of the songs which were separated from synthetic art and became an independent field of art.
• 4. 'Duryul-ga' was chanted at athe time of the 14th King Yuri, not the 3rd King Yuri.