출산정책의 문제점 및 향후 개선 방향 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Problems in and Future Improvement Directions for Childbirth Policy

The Republic of Korea is aging most quickly in the world, as seen in the super low total fertility rates of 1.3 or fewer children. By 2020, South Korea will hit the demographic cliff when production population decreases on a full scale, as baby boomers are incorporated into the elderly generation (Directions for 3rd Master Plan against Low-Birth Aging Society, 2015). This prognosis raises the worry of failure in sustainable development by economic recession etc. Even if a birth rate recovery occurs, there is a time difference by the time when newborn population enters into economic activities and alleviates social caregiving burden. Therefore, it is necessary to take urgent measures (1st Master Plan against Low-Birth Aging Society (draft), 2006).
Approximately 60 trillion KRW have been invested into policies to ease low fertility since 2006, but there has been no rise in birth rate.
The 3rd master plan against the low-birth aging society is being currently worked out. The 3rd master plan is to be implemented from 2016 through 2020, the last five years of low caregiving burden. As the period is called a golden time for increasing birth rates, any effective policy should be drawn up to succeed in achieving the target (Directions for 3rd Master Plan against Low-Birth Aging Society, 2015).
South Korea has been fixed as a low-fertility country mainly because strong birth control policies were carried out from the 1960s on. As a result, a birth rate reached 2.08 children which fall short of 2.1 children, a population alternative level. Nonetheless, the ROK government continued to go ahead with the birth control policy, thus making it impossible to touch off the second baby boom. At last, the population control policy led to a birth rate of around 1.6 children. It was not until June 1996 that the government entered into a population quality improvement period. It is a great regret that the government did not promptly switch its policy into a birth encouragement mode at that time. If any birth encouragement policy had been executed as in France, it could have prevented the current serious super low birth.
In the population quality improvement period, the government implemented policies for maternal protection, gender balance etc based on low birth maintenance for socio-economic development. In this period, the plasticity principle of birth control policy worked, and preference for a small number of children was dominant among people, who were ready to practice contraception on their own initiative. In addition, fertility rates dropped more after the IMF crisis in 1997, and super low birth rates of 1.3 or fewer children lasted from 2001 on, as women received high level education and entered into society. At last, a birth encouragement policy began to be enforced in 2006, but people had already been accustomed to low marriage rate, late marriage, late childbearing etc.
Population aging forces a nation to lose its growth energy with decrease in producible population, labor population aging, increase in supporting expenses for the elderly, economic recession etc. This study intended to design a method to get over the lingering low birth in the long run. Preceding studies indicate that one's will to marry and give birth is affected by unstable employment, private tutoring, dual burden of work and family, gender equality etc. The chronic low birth should be overcome with a strong will through population education, private tutoring punishment, and so on. In particular, South Korea is asked to implement any practical policy by expanding a childbirth budget drastically, like France which does not allow couples to avoid childbirth for an economic reason by giving allowances, e.g. family allowance given till twenty years of age in case of two or more children.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제 1 장 서 론 1
• 제 1 절 연구 목적 1
• 제 2 절 연구 방법 2
• 제 2 장 저출산 현황 및 원인 4
• 제 1 절 저출산 현황 4
• 1. 초저출산 고착화 4
• 2. 출산 연령 상승과 고령 출산 증가 추세 6
• 제 2 절 저출산의 원인 9
• 1. 혼인 건수 감소와 초혼 연령의 상승 9
• 2. 장기적 인구정책의 부재 10
• 3. 난임불임자연유산 및 낙태율 증가 13
• 4. 결혼관 및 자녀관의 변화 15
• 5. 사회 경제적 환경의 변화 17
• 제 3 절 저출산에 따른 영향 24
• 1. 인구 고령화 24
• 2. 경제적 활력 저하 26
• 제 3 장 우리나라 인구 억제 정책과 출산장려 정책 29
• 제 1 절 인구 정책의 과정 29
• 1. 출산억제 추진기 30
• 2. 인구자질 향상기 31
• 3. 출산장려 추진기 31
• 제 2 절 중앙지방 출산장려 정책 32
• 1. 중앙단위의 다양한 정책 33
• 2. 지방자치단체의 정책 40
• 제 4 장 외국의 출산장려 정책과 시사점 42
• 제 1 절 외국의 출산장려 동향 42
• 제 2 절 각국의 사례 분석 44
• 1. 불어권 및 북유럽 국가 44
• 2. 영어권 국가 47
• 3. 남유럽 및 독어권 국가 48
• 4. 아시아 국가 49
• 제 3 절 외국 출산장려 정책이 주는 시사점 52
• 제 5 장 출산정책의 문제점 및 향후 저출산 기본계획의 수립방향 55
• 제 1 절 우리나라 출산정책의 문제점 56
• 제 2 절 새로마지플랜 2020 수립 방향 59
• 1. 복지부 관계자 인터뷰 59
• 2. 저출산고령사회위원회 정책 수립 방향 61
• 제 3 절 저출산 극복을 위한 제언 63
• 1. 과거 초강력 산아제한운동 재연을 통한 총력적 출산장려운동 63
• 2. 시대 흐름에 맞는 올바른 임신 교육 시행 65
• 3. 각종 수당 활성화 및 고교 의무교육과 무상급식 시행 66
• 4. 양성평등 및 일가정 양립을 위한 강제 규정 마련 67
• 5. 강력한 사교육 처벌을 통한 공교육 정상화 유도 68
• 6. 안정적 고용정책 및 체계적 직업교육 시스템 마련 70
• 제 6 장 결 론 72
• 참고문헌 74
• ABSTRACT 77