Coronaviruses rely on host cellular machinery to support viral RNA synthesis and evade antiviral defenses. Upon entry into human cells, these viruses extensively hijack host proteins—including those involved in membrane remodeling, RNA metabolism, t...
Coronaviruses rely on host cellular machinery to support viral RNA synthesis and evade antiviral defenses. Upon entry into human cells, these viruses extensively hijack host proteins—including those involved in membrane remodeling, RNA metabolism, translation control, and innate immune signaling—to establish a permissive environment for replication. Despite the central importance of this host protein hijacking, the early molecular events that occur immediately after infection and the specific host factors subverted during this phase remain incompletely understood. In my thesis, I address these gaps through two complementary studies that dissect the molecular interactions and host dependencies shaping SARS-CoV-2 replication, with particular emphasis on early infection events and replication organelle (RO) biology.
In the first study, I identified a critical role for the coronavirus nonstructural protein Nsp2, the least conserved component of the viral replicase complex. Deletion of the Nsp2-coding region resulted in a marked reduction in viral RNA synthesis during the earliest hours post-infection. Through interactome analysis, I found that GIGYF2, a host translational regulatory protein, serves as a key interaction partner of Nsp2. My findings demonstrate that Nsp2 facilitates the relocalization of GIGYF2 and its cofactor ZNF598 around ROs, the major sites of viral replication, thereby enhancing the production of viral proteins such as M and Orf6.
In the second study, I developed an antibody-based proximity labeling strategy to systematically profile the proteome at coronavirus ROs. Applying this approach to SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43, I uncovered both conserved and virus-specific host dependencies, including the dynamic recruitment of ER, mitochondrial, and RNA-processing factors, as well as the temporal recruitment of stress granule components around ROs in SARS-CoV-2. Functional evaluation of RNA-binding proteins further revealed STAU1 as an G3BP dependent early pro-viral host factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Together, these findings establish a detailed framework for understanding coronavirus RNA regulation, identify essential early-acting host factors, and reveal viral strategies that fine-tune the host environment to support efficient infection.