개인의 사회적 관계 다양성이 창의적 성과에 미치는 영향력과 심리적 안전감 및 다양성 지원 분위기의 조절효과 분석 = Examining the Effects of Diversity in Interpersonal Relationships on Creativity and the Moderating Roles of Psychological Safety and Diversity Climate

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 개인 수준의 다양성, 즉 개인이 자발적으로 맺는 사회적 관계에 있어서 성별 다양성이 개인의 창의적 성과에 미치는 영향력을 이론적, 실증적으로 탐색하는 것을 주요한 목적으로 한다. 지금껏 개인의 창의성의 원천을 고찰한 다수의 연구가 속인적 특성, 특히 개인의 내재적 동기부여 메커니즘에 초점을 두고 진행되어 온 반면, 본 연구는 관계적 관점(relational perspective)에서 개인이 맺는 사회적 관계의 다양성의 영향력을 살펴보았다는 측면에서 기존 연구와 차별점을 지닌다. 또한, 기존 다양성 연구는 주로 집단의 구조적 특성으로서 다양성을 정의하고 개인 내 존재할 수 있는 분산의 가능성을 간과한 측면이 있는데, 본 연구는 다양성을 개인 수준으로 개념화하고, 특히 개인이 자발적으로 맺는 실제 사회적 관계(네트워크)의 다양성으로 정의하고 그 영향력을 확인했다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다고 할 것이다. 여기서 더 나아가, 본 연구는 맥락적 접근(contextual approach)에 기반하여 개인 수준의 사회적 관계 다양성이 창의적 성과에 미치는 영향력이 언제, 어떻게, 왜 강화 또는 약화되는지에 초점을 둔 분석을 실시하였다.
여러 주요 맥락 특성 중 팀 구성원들에게 직접적 영향을 미치는 환경 요인으로 인지된팀 분위기, 특히 심리적 안전감과 다양성 지원 분위기의 영향력을 살펴보고자 하였다.
본 논문에서는 사회적 관계(네트워크) 및 팀 특성 변수 등 자기 보고 결과와 상사의 창의적 성과 평가 결과를 대응시킨 124쌍의 표본(다양한 산업에 속한 23개 기업의 49개팀)을 기반으로 다층혼합효과모형을 분석하여 각 가설의 결과를 검증하였다. 실증 분석 결과, 개인의 사회적 관계 다양성과 창의적 성과 사이의 긍정적인 관계를 예상한 주효과 가설은 지지되지 않았지만, 심리적 안전감, 다양성 지원 분위기가 높을 때 개인의 사회적 관계 다양성과 창의적 성과 간 긍정적인 관계가 강화될 것이라고 예측한 조절효과 가설들은 모두 지지되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aims to explore the impact of intrapersonal diversity, specifically gender diversity in voluntary social relationships, on creativity. While prior research on individual creativity has primarily focused on intrinsic motivation and dispositional characteristics, this study adopts a relational perspective to investigate the influence of diversity in individuals’ social relationships.
Unlike traditional diversity research, which often conceptualizes diversity as a group-level structural characteristic, this study focuses on the individual level, specifically the diversity of voluntary social networks, and empirically examines its effects. Additionally, this research takes a contextual approach to analyze when, how, and why intrapersonal relationship diversity affects creativity. Among contextual factors influencing team dynamics, this study focuses on team climate variables, such as psychological safety and diversity climate, as moderators. The hypotheses were tested using a multi-level mixed effect model with a matched sample of 124 supervisor-subordinate dyads from 49 teams across 23 companies. The findings indicate that the hypothesized direct positive relationship between intrapersonal social relationship diversity and creativity was not supported. However, the moderating effects of psychological safety and diversity climate were significant, reinforcing the positive relationship under favorable team conditions. This study contributes to diversity and creativity literature by conceptualizing intrapersonal diversity in social relationships, emphasizing the interaction between individual and contextual factors, and providing practical implications for enhancing creativity in organizational settings.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 유이정 ; 노현탁, "집단 내 개인의 비유사성이 직무성과에 미치는 영향 : 비유사성 유형에 따른 차별적 효과와 과업특성의 조절효과에 관한 메타분석 연구" 한국인사조직학회 24 (24): 69-100, 2016

2 이종건 ; 김명희 ; 성상현, "다양성과 팀성과 : 팀 목표의존의 조절효과" 한국인사조직학회 20 (20): 247-280, 2012

3 김선영 ; 김재민 ; 유준안 ; 배경열 ; 김성완 ; 양수진 ; 신일선 ; 윤진상, "노인에서 한국판 성격 5 요인 척도의 표준화 및타당도" 대한생물정신의학회 17 (17): 15-25, 2010

4 Kwan, H. K., "Workplace ostracism and employee creativity : An integrative approach incorporating pragmatic and engagement roles" 103 (103): 1358-, 2018

5 Jackson, S. E, "Work team diversity"

6 Van Knippenberg, D., "Work group diversity and group performance : An integrative model and research agenda" 89 (89): 1008-, 2004

7 Van Knippenberg, D., "Work group diversity" 58 (58): 515-541, 2007

8 Shin, S. J., "When is educational specialization heterogeneity related to creativity in research and development teams? Transformational leadership as a moderator" 92 (92): 1709-, 2007

9 Harrison, D. A., "What’s the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations" 32 (32): 1199-1228, 2007

10 Černe, M, "What goes around comes around : Knowledge hiding, perceived motivational climate, and creativity" 57 (57): 172-192, 2014

11 Ren, H., "Triggering faultline effects in teams : The importance of bridging friendship ties and breaching animosity ties" 26 (26): 390-404, 2015

12 Buyl, T., "Top management team functional diversity and firm performance : The moderating role of CEO characteristics : TMT functional diversity and CEO characteristics" 48 (48): 151-177, 2011

13 Canella, A. A., "Top management team functional background diversity and firm performance : Examining the roles of team member collocation and environmental uncertainty" 51 (51): 768-784, 2008

14 Kahneman, D, "Thinking Fast and Slow" Macmillan 2011

15 Baer, M., "The strength-of-weak-ties perspective on creativity : A comprehensive examination and extension" 95 (95): 592-, 2010

16 Granovetter, M. S., "The strength of weak ties" 78 (78): 1360-1380, 1973

17 Perry-Smith, J. E., "The social side of creativity : a static and dynamic social network perspective" 28 (28): 89-, 2003

18 Amabile, T. M., "The social psychology of creativity : A componential conceptualization" 45 (45): 357-, 1983

19 Anderson, N., "The routinization of innovation research : A constructively critical review of the state-of-the-science" 25 (25): 147-173, 2004

20 Joshi, A., "The role of context in work team diversity research : A metaanalytic review" 52 (52): 599-627, 2009

21 Allport, G. W, "The nature of prejudice" Basic Books 1954

22 Kirkman, B. L., "The impact of demographic heterogeneity and team leader-team member demographic fit on team empowerment and effectiveness" 29 (29): 334-368, 2004

23 Edmondson, A. C, "The fearless organization:Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation, and growth" John Wiley & Sons 2018

24 Roberson, Q., "The evolution and future of diversity at work" 102 (102): 483-, 2017

25 Chen, A. S. -Y., "The effects of ethical leadership, voice behavior and climates for innovation on creativity : A moderated mediation examination" 27 (27): 1-13, 2016

26 Amabile, T. M., "The dynamic componential model of creativity and innovation in organizations : Making progress, making meaning" 36 : 157-183, 2016

27 Mannucci, P. V., "The differential impact of knowledge depth and knowledge breadth on creativity over individual careers" 61 (61): 1741-1763, 2018

28 Byrne, D, "The attraction paradigm" Academic Press 1971

29 Tajfel, H., "The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior" Psychology Press 2004

30 Scott, J, "The SAGE handbook of social network analysis" SAGE publications 2011

31 Bunderson, J. S., "Team member functional background and involvement in management teams : Direct effects and the moderating role of power centralization" 46 (46): 458-474, 2003

32 Khan, N., "Team faultlines and upward voice in India : The effects of communication and psychological safety" 142 : 540-550, 2022

33 Taylor, A., "Superman or the fantastic four? Knowledge combination and experience in innovative teams" 49 (49): 723-740, 2006

34 Dwertmann, D. J. G., "Status matters : The asymmetric effects of supervisor-subordinate disability incongruence and climate for inclusion" 59 (59): 44-64, 2016

35 Stovel, K., "Stabilizing brokerage" 108 (108): 21326-21332, 2011

36 Vandekerkhof, P., "Socio-emotional wealth separation and decisionmaking quality in family firm TMTs : The moderating role of psychological safety" 55 (55): 648-676, 2018

37 Perry-Smith, J. E., "Social yet creative : The role of social relationships in facilitating individual creativity" 49 (49): 85-101, 2006

38 Paulus, P. B., "Social influence, creativity and innovation" 3 (3): 228-247, 2008

39 Baumeister, R. F., "Social exclusion impairs self-regulation" 88 (88): 589-, 2005

40 Tetlock, P. E, "Revising the value pluralism model: Incorporating social content and context postulates"

41 Zhou, J., "Research on workplace creativity : A review and redirection" 1 (1): 333-359, 2014

42 Zhou, J., "Research on employee creativity : A critical review and directions for future research" 165-217, 2003

43 Amabile, T. M, "Research in Organizational Behavior" JAI Press 1988

44 Marsden, P. V., "Recent developments in network measurement" 8 (8): 208-, 2005

45 Richard, O. C., "Racial diversity, business strategy, and firm performance : A resource-based view" 43 (43): 164-177, 2000

46 Edmondson, A., "Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams" 44 (44): 350-383, 1999

47 Edmondson, A. C., "Psychological safety : The history, renaissance, and future of an interpersonal construct" 1 (1): 23-43, 2014

48 Frazier, M. L., "Psychological safety : A meta-analytic review and extension" 70 (70): 113-165, 2017

49 Sahadev, S., "Psychological empowerment and creative performance : Mediating role of thriving and moderating role of competitive psychological climate" 170 : 114310-, 2024

50 Mor Barak, M. E., "Organizational and personal dimensions in diversity climate : Ethnic and gender differences in employee perceptions" 34 (34): 82-104, 1998

51 Drach-Zahavy, A., "Opposites attract or attack? The moderating role of diversity climate in the team diversity-interpersonal aggression relationship" 18 (18): 449-, 2013

52 Lingo, E. L., "Nexus work : Brokerage on creative projects" 55 (55): 47-81, 2010

53 Liu, D., "Motivational mechanisms of employee creativity : A meta-analytic examination and theoretical extension of the creativity literature" 137 : 236-263, 2016

54 Chiu, C., "Motivated cultural cognition : The impact of implicit cultural theories on dispositional attribution varies as a function of need for closure" 78 (78): 247-, 2000

55 Anderson, N. R., "Measuring climate for work group innovation : Development and validation of the team climate inventory" 19 (19): 235-258, 1998

56 McKay, P. F., "Mean racial-ethnic differences in employee sales performance : The mod erating role of diversity climate" 61 (61): 349-374, 2008

57 De Vries, T. A., "Managing coordination in multiteam systems : Integrating micro and macro perspectives" 59 (59): 1823-1844, 2016

58 Clair, J. A., "Loosening categorical thinking : Extending the terrain of theory and research on demographic identities in organizations" 44 (44): 592-617, 2019

59 Zhang, X., "Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity : The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement" 53 (53): 107-128, 2010

60 Detert, J. R., "Leadership behavior and employee voice : Is the door really open" 50 (50): 869-884, 2007

61 Stewart, M. M., "Leader —member exchange as a moderator of the relationship between work group diversity and team performance" 34 (34): 507-535, 2009

62 Hu, J., "Leader humility and team creativity : The role of team information sharing, psychological safety, and power distance" 103 (103): 313-, 2018

63 Rhee, Y. W., "Knowledge management behavior and individual creativity : Goal orientations as antecedents and in-group social status as moderating contingency" 38 (38): 813-832, 2017

64 Pettigrew, T. F., "Intergroup contact theory" 49 (49): 65-85, 1998

65 Tasheva, S., "Integrating diversity at different levels : Multilevel human capital, social capital, and demographic diversity and their implications for team effectiveness" 44 (44): 746-765, 2019

66 Anderson, N., "Innovation and Creativity in Organizations : A State-of-the-Science Review, Prospective Commentary, and Guiding Framework" 40 (40): 1297-1333, 2014

67 Choi, J. N, "Individual and contextual predictors of creative performance : The mediating role of psychological processes" 16 (16): 187-199, 2004

68 Detert, J. R., "Implicit voice theories : Taken-for-Granted rules of self-censorship at work" 54 (54): 461-488, 2011

69 Chaiken, S., "Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion" 39 (39): 752-, 1980

70 De Dreu, C. K., "Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link : Toward a dual pathway to creativity model" 94 (94): 739-, 2008

71 Oh, H., "Group social capital and group effectiveness : The role of informal socializing ties" 47 (47): 860-875, 2004

72 Choi, J. N., "Group composition and employee creative behaviour in a Korean electronics company : Distinct effects of relational demography and group diversity" 80 (80): 213-234, 2007

73 Kirkman, B. L., "Global organizational communities of practice : The effects of nationality diversity, psychological safety, and media richness on community performance" 66 (66): 333-362, 2013

74 Baer, J., "Gender differences in creativity" 42 (42): 75-105, 2008

75 Hoever, I. J., "Fostering team creativity : Perspective taking as key to unlocking diversity’s potential" 97 (97): 982-, 2012

76 Godart, F. C., "Fashion with a foreign flair : Professional experiences abroad facilitate the creative innovations of organizations" 58 (58): 195-220, 2015

77 Boehm, S. A., "Expanding insights on the diversity climate-performance link : The role of workgroup discrimination and group size" 53 (53): 379-402, 2014

78 Fu, J. H. Y., "Epistemic motives and cultural conformity : Need for closure, culture, and context as determinants of conflict judgments" 92 (92): 191-, 2007

79 Fasko, D, "Education and creativity" 13 (13): 317-327, 2001

80 Corritore, M., "Duality in diversity : How intrapersonal and interpersonal cultural heterogeneity relate to firm performance" 65 (65): 359-394, 2020

81 Grant, A. M., "Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity" 93 (93): 48-, 2008

82 Lee, H. W., "Does gender diversity help teams constructively manage status conflict? An evolutionary perspective of status conflict, team psychological safety, and team creativity" 144 : 187-199, 2018

83 Giambatista, R. C., "Diversity’s harvest : Interactions of diversity sources and communication technology on creative group performance" 111 (111): 116-126, 2010

84 Roberson, Q. M., "Diversity in the workplace : A review, synthesis, and future research agenda" 6 (6): 69-88, 2019

85 J., "Diversifying experiences enhance cognitive flexibility" 48 (48): 961-964, 2012

86 Dwertmann, D. J. G., "Disentangling the fairness & discrimination and synergy perspectives on diversity climate : Moving the field forward" 42 (42): 1136-1168, 2016

87 Friedman, R. A., "Differentiation of boundary spanning roles : Labor negotiations and implications for role conflict" 28-47, 1992

88 Scott, S. G., "Determinants of innovative behavior : A path model of individual innovation in the workplace" 37 (37): 580-607, 1994

89 Madjar, N., "Customers as contributors and reliable evaluators of creativity in the service industry" 29 (29): 949-966, 2008

90 Gonzalez, J. A., "Crosslevel effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness" 30 (30): 21-40, 2009

91 Chung, Y., "Cracking but not breaking : Joint effects of faultline strength and diversity climate on loyal behavior" 58 (58): 1495-1515, 2015

92 McCarty, C., "Conducting personal network research : A practical guide" Guilford Publications 2019

93 Bunderson, J. S., "Comparing alternative conceptualizations of functional diversity in management teams : Process and performance effects" 45 (45): 875-893, 2002

94 Shin, S. J., "Cognitive team diversity and individual team member creativity : A crosslevel interaction" 55 (55): 197-212, 2012

95 Kozhevnikov, M., "Cognitive styles in the context of modern psychology : Toward an integrated framework of cognitive style" 133 (133): 464-, 2007

96 Kozhevnikov, M., "Cognitive style as environmentally sensitive individual differences in cognition : A modern synthesis and applications in education, business, and management" 15 (15): 3-33, 2014

97 Crisp, R. J., "Cognitive adaptation to the experience of social and cultural diversity" 137 (137): 242-, 2011

98 Wilk, S. L., "Choosing the company you keep : Racial relational demography outside and inside of work" 26 (26): 1316-1331, 2015

99 Crossland, C., "CEO career variety : effects on firm-level strategic and social novelty" 57 (57): 652-674, 2014

100 Ancona, D. G., "Bridging the boundary: External activity and performance in organizational teams" 634-665, 1992

101 Tadmor, C. T., "Biculturalism : A model of the effects of second-culture exposure on acculturation and integrative complexity" 37 (37): 173-190, 2006

102 De Vries, T. A., "Antecedents of individuals’ interteam coordination : Broad functional experiences as a mixed blessing" 57 (57): 1334-1359, 2014

103 Gerpott, F. H., "Age-diverse training groups : How knowledge sharing & psychological safety promote learning outcomes" 2015 (2015): 11691-, 2015

104 Tadmor, C. T., "Acculturation strategies and integrative complexity : The cognitive implications of biculturalism" 40 (40): 105-139, 2009

105 Zhou, J., "APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, Vol 1: Building and developing the organization" American Psychological Association 275-302, 2011

106 Joshi, A., "A structural-emergence model of diversity in teams" 5 (5): 361-385, 2018

107 Hogg, M. A., "A social identity theory of leadership" 5 (5): 184-200, 2001

108 Riordan, C. M., "A review and examination of demographic similarity measures used to assess relational demography within groups" 11 (11): 562-592, 2008

109 Ng, T. W. H., "A meta-analysis of the relationships of age and tenure with innovation-related behaviour" 86 (86): 585-616, 2013

110 Feist, G. J., "A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity" 2 (2): 290-309, 1998

111 Holmes IV, O., "A meta-analysis integrating 25years of diversity climate research" 47 (47): 1357-1382, 2021

112 Gilson, L. L., "A little creativity goes a long way : An examination of teams’ engagement in creative processes" 30 (30): 453-470, 2004

113 Martins, L. L., "A contingency view of the effects of cognitive diversity on team performance : The moderating roles of team psychological safety and relationship conflict" 44 (44): 96-126, 2013