르완다 종족갈등 이후의 성평등체제 구축과정 = Gender Equality System after the Genocide of Rwanda of 1994 focusing on the political representation

국문 초록 (Abstract)

르완다의 종족갈등은 후투족과 투치족 남성간의 폭력만은 아니었다. 투치족 여성은 투치족이면서 아울러 여성이기 때문에 인종학살의 표적이 되었고, 인종학살의 영향을 가장 크게 받았다. 종족갈등의 주 희생자였던 여성은 갈등 이후 재건과정에서 화해와 재건의 중심세력이 되었다. 인종갈등의 희생자이며 목격자인 여성문제의 해결이 재건과정의 주요내용이 되어야 했다. 즉 재건과정에 젠더가 고려되지 않고는 재건의 의미가 무의미하며 불가능한 상황이 되었기 때문이다.
종족갈등은 성평등 체제가 구축될 수 있었던 대내적인 계기가 되었다. 'RPF(Rwanda Patriotic Front) 정권'과 '여성운동의 삼각 동맹' 및 '국제사회의 규범'은 과도정부의 성평등 체제형성에 관여한 주요 행위자이다. 이 세 행위자의 이해관계에 의해 여성은 르완다 재건의 중심세력으로 부상할 수 있었으며, 보다 적극적으로 성평등 체제를 형성할 수 있었고, 그 결과 단기적으로 가장 신속하게 여성의 정치세력화를 이루어냈다. 르완다의 1994년 인종학살 이후 2003년 새 헌법이 채택되기까지의 과도기간을 성평등 체제의 재편 기회로 보고, 성평등 체제의 개편에 기여한 주요 행위자를 중심으로 성인지 헌법(gender sensitive constitution)과 성 할당제가 도입되어 성평등 체제가 구축되는 과정을 살펴보았다. 헌법상 할당제를 도입함으로써 2003년 최초의 의회선거에서 여성은 단 한번에 48.8%를 확보함으로써 여성의원비율 세계 1위를 기록하면서 양적인 성평등 체제를 구축하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The ethnic conflict of Rwanda changed the traditional gender relation and made women participate in the reconstruction and reconciliation after the genocide of 1994. The conflict was gendered in the perspective that women were not only the victims of genocide but also perpetrators in the genocide. So Gender should be accounted in the process of the reconstruction and reconciliation. Without considering gender, the reconstruction will be impossible.
The ethnic conflict of 1994 was a momentum for introducing a gender equality system with gender-sensitive constitution and gender quotas. The period from the year of 1994 genocide to the year of 2003 which inaugurated new republic with the new constitution is an opportunity for women in Rwanda to correct the patriarchal society and introduce gender equality system. The major actors are the triangle of Women's movement, RPF regime and international norms of gender equality including CEDAW and Beijing Action Plan. The triangle of women emerged as a pivotal actor in the process of constitution making and adopting gender quotas with the support of the RDF and the international norms. With adopting gender sensitive constitution and gender quotas, the ratio of female representatives in the parliament of Rwanda was 48.8 percent in the election of 2003. The election made the Rwanda the first country in the world in the perspective of ratio of Women's representative in the parliaments.

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