Chest x-ray (CXR) has been used as a national screening tool to detect pulmonary tuberculosis(TB) in Korea. Nevertheless, there are very limited evidences concerning effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of TB screening, particularly conducted in a nat...
Chest x-ray (CXR) has been used as a national screening tool to detect pulmonary tuberculosis(TB) in Korea. Nevertheless, there are very limited evidences concerning effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of TB screening, particularly conducted in a national scale. In this study, we conducted a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis to explore effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of TB screening in Korea. According to the systematic review, there were limited evidences to support effectiveness of TB screening. The number of studies included in the analysis were very limited that it was not available to compare the effectiveness of screening between population screened and non-screened, and to assess the effectiveness of screening by screening cycles and the advantages of early detection of each screening strategy. In addition, there were not sufficient evidences concerning harms of TB screening and treatments. In our analysis, CXR was found to have higher sensitivity and specificity in screening of general public. However, the level of evidence was low since only few studies were included and these studies were not fully qualified. As for an economic evaluation, a cost-effective analysis was conducted from the Korean health care system perspective. According to the current national health screening policy, base case analysis was performed on the TB screening for asymptomatic people aged over >40 with CXR in 2-years. In our base-case analysis, CXR every 2 years was not cost-effective compared with no screening (ICER: 98,190,000 KRW) in people aged over 40 years old. CXR in 3 years was more cost-effective than CXR in 2 years. Theses results were consistent in anlaysese with people >20 year old. In terms of target screening, there was no study available for deriving sensitivity of TST and IGRA. Only few studies were available for analysis of specificity. The specificity of IGRA was higher than that of TST, which however, only applicable to a specific group, particularly health care workers. Consequently, due to the limited evidence, we could not reach conclusion that national CXR screening is effective in Korea. To prove effectiveness of the national TB screening, more studies such as long-term cohort study or randomized control trials needed to be conducted. Furthermore, more researches on TB epidemiology and diagnostic accuracy of different screening strategies are needed. In cost-effective analysis of specific groups of over 40 years of age, annual screening with CXR/TST(15mm cut-off) was most cost effective in LTBI screening. This result was consistent when the age range was expanded to specific groups over 20. However, if the tuberculosis incidence was equal to the general public, and only the transmission probability was higher(i.e. teachers), screening for LTBI was not cost effective compared with no-screening. From the results of sensitivity analysis, screening rate was the most influential variable affecting cost effectiveness. In particular, the screening rate of the second screening test after the chest X-ray was most influential. The screening test completion rate is currently very low. Even in cases where tuberculosis is suspected, many are not fully diagnosed and treated. This prevents the early diagnosis and infection control, therefore it is difficult to expect tuberculosis screening to be effective. To improve tuberculosis screening to become more economically efficient, future screening policy must target to increase the screening rate, in particular the confirmatory test rate for TB, after the chest X-ray performed.