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      시각적 단기기억 부담이 주의선택에 미치는 영향 = The Effects of Visual Short-Term Memory Load on Attentional Selection

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      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=A108459894

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      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

      Inconsistent evidence has been reported regarding the role of visual short-term memory (VSTM) load on attentional selection. Some studies demonstrated that maintaining large amount of information in VSTM enhanced attentional selection. Using similar experimental methods, however, others observed impaired attentional selection by VSTM load. Here, we attempted to replicate previous conflicting results and tested the role of VSTM load as a modulating factor on attentional selection. In Experiments 1~3, participants performed a flanker task while maintaining the colors and locations of visual objects in VSTM for change detection. Irrespective of stimulus configurations, condition orders, and memory set sizes, we failed to find evidence that VSTM load modulates flanker interference. By demonstrating that flanker interference did decrease by perceptual load in Experiment 4, we excluded the possibility that our current attentional selection measure might not be sensitive enough. Experiment 5 manipulated the spatial relationship between memory items and a flanker. When memory items and a flanker appeared on opposite sides of the center, flanker interference increased with VSTM load. When their positions were overlapped, however, flanker interference was not affected by VSTM load. In addition, individual difference analysis failed to find a reliable relationship between VSTM capacity estimates and flanker interference. The equivalence test showed that the modulating effects of VSTM load on flanker interference were only negligible. The current findings provide evidence against the assertion that VSTM load modulates attentional selection, and call for new models within which the dynamic relationships between working memory and visual selection are fully described and tested.
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      Inconsistent evidence has been reported regarding the role of visual short-term memory (VSTM) load on attentional selection. Some studies demonstrated that maintaining large amount of information in VSTM enhanced attentional selection. Using similar e...

      Inconsistent evidence has been reported regarding the role of visual short-term memory (VSTM) load on attentional selection. Some studies demonstrated that maintaining large amount of information in VSTM enhanced attentional selection. Using similar experimental methods, however, others observed impaired attentional selection by VSTM load. Here, we attempted to replicate previous conflicting results and tested the role of VSTM load as a modulating factor on attentional selection. In Experiments 1~3, participants performed a flanker task while maintaining the colors and locations of visual objects in VSTM for change detection. Irrespective of stimulus configurations, condition orders, and memory set sizes, we failed to find evidence that VSTM load modulates flanker interference. By demonstrating that flanker interference did decrease by perceptual load in Experiment 4, we excluded the possibility that our current attentional selection measure might not be sensitive enough. Experiment 5 manipulated the spatial relationship between memory items and a flanker. When memory items and a flanker appeared on opposite sides of the center, flanker interference increased with VSTM load. When their positions were overlapped, however, flanker interference was not affected by VSTM load. In addition, individual difference analysis failed to find a reliable relationship between VSTM capacity estimates and flanker interference. The equivalence test showed that the modulating effects of VSTM load on flanker interference were only negligible. The current findings provide evidence against the assertion that VSTM load modulates attentional selection, and call for new models within which the dynamic relationships between working memory and visual selection are fully described and tested.

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      국문 초록 (Abstract)

      시각적 단기기억(visual short-term memory, VSTM)이 주의선택에 미치는 영향에 관해 선행연구들은 일관되지 않은 결과를 보고하였다. 일부 연구에서는 VSTM이 많은 정보를 유지하는 동안에 주의선택이 강화되었지만, 다른 연구에서는 비슷한 절차를 사용했음에도 불구하고 VSTM 부담이 주의선택을 약화시켰다. 이에, 본 연구는 재현실험을 통해 선행연구의 모순된 결과를 확인하고 주의선택의 조절 요인으로서 VSTM 부담의 역할을 검토하고자 하였다. 실험 1~3에서 참가자는 변화탐지를 위해 물체의 색과 위치를 VSTM에 유지하는 동안 플랭커 과제를 수행하였다. 그러나 자극 배열, 조건 순서, 기억항목 개수에 상관없이, VSTM 부담이 플랭커 간섭을 조절한다는 증거를 찾을 수 없었다. 실험 4는 플랭커 간섭을 감소시키는 지각부담 효과를 확인함으로써 실험 1~3의 주의선택 측정이 민감하지 않았을 가능성을 배재하였다. 실험 5는 VSTM 기억항목과 플랭커의 공간적 관계를 조작하였다. 그 결과, 기억항목과 플랭커가 서로 반대 화면에 제시되면 VSTM 부담에 의해 플랭커 간섭이 증가했지만, 두 자극의 위치가 중첩되면 VSTM 부담이 플랭커 간섭을 영향을 끼지지 않았다. 개인차 상관 분석에서 개인별 VSTM 용량과 플랭커 간섭 변화량은 의미있는 상관을 보이지 않았고, 동등성 검사는 VSTM 부담이 플랭커 간섭에 끼친 영향은 무시할만한 수준임을 확인하였다. 종합적으로 본 연구는 VSTM 부담이 주의선택을 조절한다는 주장에 대해 회의적인 증거를 제공하며, 작업기억과 시각적 주의의 다양한 관계를 기술할 수 있는 새로운 모델의 필요성을 제기한다.
      번역하기

      시각적 단기기억(visual short-term memory, VSTM)이 주의선택에 미치는 영향에 관해 선행연구들은 일관되지 않은 결과를 보고하였다. 일부 연구에서는 VSTM이 많은 정보를 유지하는 동안에 주의선택...

      시각적 단기기억(visual short-term memory, VSTM)이 주의선택에 미치는 영향에 관해 선행연구들은 일관되지 않은 결과를 보고하였다. 일부 연구에서는 VSTM이 많은 정보를 유지하는 동안에 주의선택이 강화되었지만, 다른 연구에서는 비슷한 절차를 사용했음에도 불구하고 VSTM 부담이 주의선택을 약화시켰다. 이에, 본 연구는 재현실험을 통해 선행연구의 모순된 결과를 확인하고 주의선택의 조절 요인으로서 VSTM 부담의 역할을 검토하고자 하였다. 실험 1~3에서 참가자는 변화탐지를 위해 물체의 색과 위치를 VSTM에 유지하는 동안 플랭커 과제를 수행하였다. 그러나 자극 배열, 조건 순서, 기억항목 개수에 상관없이, VSTM 부담이 플랭커 간섭을 조절한다는 증거를 찾을 수 없었다. 실험 4는 플랭커 간섭을 감소시키는 지각부담 효과를 확인함으로써 실험 1~3의 주의선택 측정이 민감하지 않았을 가능성을 배재하였다. 실험 5는 VSTM 기억항목과 플랭커의 공간적 관계를 조작하였다. 그 결과, 기억항목과 플랭커가 서로 반대 화면에 제시되면 VSTM 부담에 의해 플랭커 간섭이 증가했지만, 두 자극의 위치가 중첩되면 VSTM 부담이 플랭커 간섭을 영향을 끼지지 않았다. 개인차 상관 분석에서 개인별 VSTM 용량과 플랭커 간섭 변화량은 의미있는 상관을 보이지 않았고, 동등성 검사는 VSTM 부담이 플랭커 간섭에 끼친 영향은 무시할만한 수준임을 확인하였다. 종합적으로 본 연구는 VSTM 부담이 주의선택을 조절한다는 주장에 대해 회의적인 증거를 제공하며, 작업기억과 시각적 주의의 다양한 관계를 기술할 수 있는 새로운 모델의 필요성을 제기한다.

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      참고문헌 (Reference)

      1 현주석, "행동적 연구 사례에 근거한 시각작업기억의 이해" 한국인지및생물심리학회 23 (23): 45-90, 2011

      2 Ahmed, L., "Working memory load can both improve and impair selective attention: evidence from the Navon paradigm" 74 (74): 1397-1405, 2012

      3 Konstantinou, N., "Working memory load and distraction: dissociable effects of visual maintenance and cognitive control" 76 (76): 1985-1997, 2014

      4 Pasternak, T., "Working memory in primate sensory systems" 6 (6): 97-107, 2005

      5 Baddeley, A. D., "Working memory : looking back and looking forward" 4 (4): 829-839, 2003

      6 Yao, N., "Visual working-memory capacity load does not modulate distractor processing" 82 (82): 3291-3313, 2020

      7 Roper, Z. J. J., "Visual short-term memory load strengthens selective attention" 21 (21): 549-556, 2014

      8 Eriksen, C. W., "Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention : a zoom lens model" 40 (40): 225-240, 1986

      9 Kahneman, D., "Varieties of attention" Academic Press 29-61, 1984

      10 Murphy, G., "Twenty years of load theory-Where are we now, and where should we go next?" 23 (23): 1316-1340, 2016

      1 현주석, "행동적 연구 사례에 근거한 시각작업기억의 이해" 한국인지및생물심리학회 23 (23): 45-90, 2011

      2 Ahmed, L., "Working memory load can both improve and impair selective attention: evidence from the Navon paradigm" 74 (74): 1397-1405, 2012

      3 Konstantinou, N., "Working memory load and distraction: dissociable effects of visual maintenance and cognitive control" 76 (76): 1985-1997, 2014

      4 Pasternak, T., "Working memory in primate sensory systems" 6 (6): 97-107, 2005

      5 Baddeley, A. D., "Working memory : looking back and looking forward" 4 (4): 829-839, 2003

      6 Yao, N., "Visual working-memory capacity load does not modulate distractor processing" 82 (82): 3291-3313, 2020

      7 Roper, Z. J. J., "Visual short-term memory load strengthens selective attention" 21 (21): 549-556, 2014

      8 Eriksen, C. W., "Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention : a zoom lens model" 40 (40): 225-240, 1986

      9 Kahneman, D., "Varieties of attention" Academic Press 29-61, 1984

      10 Murphy, G., "Twenty years of load theory-Where are we now, and where should we go next?" 23 (23): 1316-1340, 2016

      11 Norman, D. A., "Toward a theory of memory and attention" 75 (75): 522-536, 1968

      12 Vogel, E. K., "The time course of consolidation in visual working memory" 32 (32): 1436-1451, 2006

      13 de Fockert, J. W., "The role of working memory in visual selective attention" 291 (291): 1803-1806, 2001

      14 Cartwright-Finch, U., "The role of perceptual load in inattentional blindness" 102 (102): 321-340, 2007

      15 Cowan, N., "The magical number 4 in short-term memory : a reconsideration of mental storage capacity" 24 (24): 87-114, 2001

      16 Marciano, H., "The effects of perceptual load in central and peripheral regions of the visual field" 19 (19): 367-391, 2011

      17 Luck, S. J., "The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions" 390 (390): 279-281, 1997

      18 Brainard, D. H., "The Psychophysics Toolbox" 10 (10): 433-436, 1997

      19 Monsell, S., "Task switching" 7 (7): 134-140, 2003

      20 Treisman, A. M., "Strategies and models of selective attention" 76 (76): 282-299, 1969

      21 Deutsch, J. A., "Some theoretical considerations" 70 : 80-90, 1963

      22 Simonsohn, U., "Small telescopes : detectability and the evaluation of replication results" 26 (26): 559-569, 2015

      23 Lee, H., "Separating the effects of visual working memory load and attentional zoom on selective attention" 46 (46): 502-511, 2020

      24 R Core Team, "R: A language and environment for statistical computing" R Foundation for Statistical Computing

      25 Baddeley, A. D., "Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 8)" Academic Press 47-89, 1974

      26 Roper, Z. J. J., "Perceptual load corresponds with factors known to influence visual search" 39 (39): 1340-1351, 2013

      27 Lavie, N., "Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention" 21 (21): 451-468, 1995

      28 Lavie, N., "Perceptual load as a major determinant of the locus of selection in visual attention" 56 (56): 183-197, 1994

      29 Handy, T. C., "Perceptual load and visuocortical processing : event-related potentials reveal sensory-level selection" 12 (12): 213-218, 2001

      30 Broadbent, D. E., "Perception and communication" Pergamon Press 1958

      31 Zhang, W., "Opposite effects of capacity load and resolution load on distractor processing" 41 (41): 22-27, 2015

      32 Lavie, N., "On the efficiency of visual selective attention : efficient visual search leads to inefficient distractor rejection" 8 (8): 395-396, 1997

      33 Phillips, W. A., "On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory" 16 (16): 283-290, 1974

      34 Cowan, N., "On the capacity of attention : its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes" 51 (51): 42-100, 2005

      35 Yi, D. -J., "Neural fate of ignored stimuli : dissociable effects of perceptual and working memory load" 7 (7): 992-996, 2004

      36 Rees, G., "Modulating irrelevant motion perception by varying attentional load in an unrelated task" 278 (278): 1616-1619, 1997

      37 Beck, D. M., "Look here but ignore what you see : effects of distractors at fixation" 31 (31): 592-607, 2005

      38 Lavie, N., "Load theory of selective attention and cognitive control" 133 (133): 339-354, 2004

      39 Gegenfurtner, K. R., "Information transfer in iconic memory experiments" 19 (19): 845-866, 1993

      40 Gray, J. A., "Grouping strategies with simultaneous stimuli" 12 (12): 180-184, 1960

      41 Lakens, D., "Equivalence tests : a practical primer for t tests, correlations, and meta-analyses" 8 (8): 355-362, 2017

      42 Lakens, D., "Equivalence testing for psychological research : a tutorial" 1 (1): 259-269, 2018

      43 Eriksen, B. A., "Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task" 16 (16): 143-149, 1974

      44 Pashler, H., "Dual-task interference in simple tasks : data and theory" 116 (116): 220-244, 1994

      45 Chen, Z., "Distractor interference stays constant despite variation in working memory load" 6 (6): 369-369, 2010

      46 Lavie, N., "Distracted and confused? : selective attention under load" 9 (9): 75-82, 2005

      47 Yeshurun, Y., "Degraded stimulus visibility and the effects of perceptual load on distractor interference" 4 : 289-, 2013

      48 Lavie, N., "Contrasting effects of sensory limits and capacity limits in visual selective attention" 65 (65): 202-212, 2003

      49 Norman, D. A., "Consciousness and Self-Regulation" Plenum 1-18, 1986

      50 Benoni, H., "Conceptual and methodological concerns in the theory of perceptual load" 4 : 522-, 2013

      51 Schwartz, S., "Attentional load and sensory competition in human vision : modulation of fMRI responses by load at fixation during task-irrelevant stimulation in the peripheral visual field" 15 (15): 770-786, 2005

      52 Moray, N., "Attention in dichotic listening : Affective cues and the influence of instructions" 11 (11): 56-60, 1959

      53 Handy, T. C., "Attention and spatial selection : electrophysiological evidence for modulation by perceptual load" 62 (62): 175-186, 2000

      54 Kahneman, D., "Attention and effort" Prentice Hall 1973

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