Joseon Dynasty’s Perceptions of the Qing Dynasty in the 1860s and 1870s = A Focus on the Opium War

국문 초록 (Abstract)

1860년대와 1870년대 중국의 청 왕조는 아편전쟁과 태평반란과 같은 일련의 심각한 난관들로 인해 전례 없는 통치 위기에 직면했다. 이런 상황에서 조선 왕조는 청의 통치 위기를 어떻게 인식하고 직면했을까? 그 당시 중국-조선 관계는 어떠했나? 본 논문은 조선왕조실록(朝鮮王朝實錄), 일성록(日省錄), 승문원일기(承文院日記)와 같은 정부 간행물과 김윤식의 운양집(雲養集), 박규수의 환재총서(瓛齋叢書), 김평묵의 중암집(重菴集), 이건창의 명미당집(明美堂集) 및 황현의 매천야록(梅泉野錄)과 같은 관련 인사들의 전집을 살펴보면서 서술 분석 과정에서 수직적 비교 방법을 사용해서 청나라에 대한 조선의 인식 변화를 조사하였다. 본 논문이 주장하는 바는 다음과 같다. 조선은 청나라가 내적 난관으로 인해 직면했던 위기감와 동일한 위기감을 느끼고 있었으며 양국 운명이 밀접하게 얽혀 있다고 인정했다. 또한 존중심에 대한 조선 백성의 요구가 증가하여 전통적 사대(事大)관계를 불안하게 했다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

During the 1860s and 1870s, the Qing Dynasty of China has faced unprecedented ruling crisis resulting from a series of severe challenges such as the Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion. Under such circumstances, how did the Joseon Dynasty perceive and face Qing’s crises of governance? How were the Sino-Joseon relations like at that time? This paper explored government publications such as The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (朝鮮王朝實錄), Records of Daily Reflection (日省錄) and The Diaries of the Royal Secretariat (承政院日記), and collective works of related personages such as Collected Works of Unyang (雲養集), Collected Books of Huanzhai (瓛齋叢書), Collected Works of Chungam (重菴集), Collected Works of Lee Geon-chang (明美堂集) and Collected Works of Hwang Hyeon (梅泉野錄) for the changes of Joseon’s perceptions of the Qing Dynasty by way of vertical comparison in the process of narrative analysis. This paper argues that the Joseon Dynasty felt the same sense of crisis faced by the Qing Dynasty’s inner challenges, and acknowledged that their fates were closely intertwined, and the traditional Sadae (事大) relationship faced destabilisation from the Joseon people’s increasing demands for a sense of respect.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 〈Abstract〉
• 1. Lips and Teeth: Joseon Dynasty’s Perceptions of the External Crisis
• 2. Destabilisation of the Sadae(事大) Relationship an Increase of Self-esteem and Sense of National Pride
• 3. Causes for Destabilisation of the Sadae (事大) elationship and Change of Joseon’s Perceptions of the ing Dynasty
• 4. Conclusion
• Bibliography
• 〈국문초록〉

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Bao Yun, "the 62th edition of Collectaneum of Modern Chinese History (近代中國史料叢刊)" The Wenhai Press 1971

2 Song, Kŭn-su, "Yongho hallok 3 (龍湖閒錄 三, Book 3 of Records at the Dragon Lake)" National Institute of Korean History (國史編纂委員會) 1979

3 Kim, Pyeong-muk, "Volume 39 of Collected Works of Chungam (重菴集)" The Korean Classics Research Institute (民族文化推進會) 2003

4 Kim, Pyeong-muk, "Volume 37 of Collected Works of Chungam (重菴集)" The Korean Classics Research Institute (民族文化推進會) 2003

5 Kim, Pyeong-muk, "Volume 35 of Collected Works of Chungam (重菴集)" The Korean Classics Research Institute (民族文化推進會) 2003

6 Kim, Pyeong-muk, "Volume 26 of Collected Works of Chungam (重菴集)" The Korean Classics Research Institute (民族文化推進會) 2003

7 Min, Tu-Ki, "The Sense of External Crisis of Joseon in the Midto Late- 19th Century–Centered on the Responses to the First, the Second Opium War and the Appearance of the Foreign Ships (十九世紀後半 朝鮮王朝의 對外危機意識 - 第一次, 第二次中英戰爭과 異樣船 出沒에의 對應)" 52 : 259-279, 1986

8 Miyoshi, Chiharu, "The Instability of the ‘Sadae’ Relation during Two Opium Wars--Especially the Period of the Second Opium War (兩次アヘン戰爭と事大關係の動搖)" 27 : 47-68, 1990

9 "The Diaries of the Royal Secretariat (承政院日記)"

10 "The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (朝鮮王朝實錄)"

11 Kim, Yun-shik, "Sequel Volume 2 of Collected Works of Unyang (雲養集)" The Korean Classics Research Institute (民族文化推進會) 2004

12 Ha, Jung-shik, "Responses to the Opium War in Korea and Japan in the 1840s (阿片戰爭과 朝鮮․日本)" 2 : 23-56, 2001

13 Ha, Jung-shik, "Responses of Joseon towards Occidental Powers’ Invasion of China (歐美列强의 中國侵略과 朝鮮의 反應)" 28 : 1-17, 1998

14 Miyoshi, Chiharu, "On the Information of Beijing Envoys during the Opium Wars (アヘン戰爭に關する燕行使情報)" 30 : 28-62, 1989

15 Li, Zhangchun, "On the Influence of the Opium Wars on the Eastern and Western Societies (论鸦片战争对东西方社会的影响)" 4 : 6-10, 1990

16 Lee, Geon-chang, "No. 349 of Korean Literary Collections in Classical Chinese (韓國文集叢刊)" The Korean Classics Research Institute (民族文化推進會) 2005

17 Noh, Dae-Hwan, "Joseon Intelligentsia’s Perceptions of the Foreign Countries and the Self-strengthening Movement during the 1860s and 1870s (1860-70년대 전반 조선 지식인의 대외인식과 양무 이해)" 20 : 328-331, 1997

18 Miyoshi, Chiharu, "Information Sources of Yon-hen-Sa concerning the Opium War (アヘン戰爭に關する燕行使の情報源)" 35 : 21-32, 1990

19 Jiang, Xiuyu, "Influences of Opium War on Korea–Including the Effects of Illustrated Treaties on the Maritime Kingdoms on Korean Society (鸦片战争对朝鲜的影响-兼论《海国图志》对朝鲜社会的影响)" 6 : 92-95, 2009

20 "Ilseongrok (日省錄, Records of Daily Reflection)"

21 Park, Kyu-su, "Hwanjae ch'ongsŏ 5 (瓛齋叢書 五, Book 5 of Collected Books of Huanzhai)" Sungkyunkwan University Press 617-620, 1996

22 Hwang, Hyeon, "Hanguk saryo chongsŏ (韓國史料叢書, Collected Books of Korean History)" National Institute of Korean History 1971

23 Jeong, Beom-jo, "Haejwa chip (海左集, The Collected Works of Haejwa)" The Korean Classics Research Institute (民族文化推進會) 1999

24 HARADA, Tamaki, "Awareness of the External Crisis in Korea in the 19th Century (十九世紀の朝鮮における対外的危機意識)" 21 : 73-105, 1984

25 Chun, Hae-Jong, "Analects of History of Sino-Korean Relations (中韓關係史論集)" China Social Sciences Press (中国社会科学出版社) 1987

26 Liu, Yuewu, "A Study of Manchu Courts Vassal Policy During the Reign of Daoguang, Xianfeng and Tongzhi (道、咸、同时期清廷属国政策之研究)" 4 : 85-, 2008

27 Li, Yongchun, "A Review of the Responses of Joseon Kings and Ministers to the Two Opium Wars (朝鲜君臣对两次鸦片战争的反应评述)" 16 : 45-54, 2007

28 Shin, Gi-soen, "348th book of Korean Literary Collections in Classical Chinese (韓國文集叢刊)" The Korean Classics Research Institute (民族文化推進會) 2005

29 Yi, Hang-no, "305th book of Korean Literary Collections in Classical Chinese (韓國文集叢刊)" The Korean Classics Research Institute (民族文化推進會) 2003