朝鮮後期의 宇宙觀과 曆法

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this Paper I will study the introduction of Western astronomy and the change of Cosmology and calendar following the introduction of Western astronomy during the Chosŏn(朝鮮) Period. The introduction of western learning to Chosŏn had impact in many fields such as politics, society thoughts, etc., it had also played a role in the transformation of Chosŏn society to modern society. The influence of Western Learning on astronomy in the late of Chosŏn Period was not an exception. It brought a change to Cosmology and the calendar system, especially ideas of new Cosmology like the "round earth" theory helped Chosŏn form a new view of the world, and played a decisive role in breaking it from medieval Cosmology and view of the world. “Sihŏn(時憲)" calendar which took western calendar as its main part was introduced to replace the "Taetong(大統)" calendar which had been used our for more than 280 years.

Western astronomy which influenced Korean Cosmology and the calendar system was firstly introduced through the Chinese translation book of western learning in the late Chosŏn Period, and was spread among the intellectuals. For example, the representative Chinese translation books of western learning like “Yŏksangkosŏng(曆象考成)", “Yŏksangkosŏnghupyŏn(曆象考成後編)”, and "Ŭisangkosŏng(儀象考成)" had great influence on Cosmology and the calendar system of the late Chosŏn Period.

Even though the Chinese translation book of western learning had an influence on the reception of western astronomy at the end of Chosŏn, the influence of the thoughts like "inmulsŏngtongron(人物性同論)" could not be excluded. Inmulsŏngtongron forming a part of "inmulsŏngtongiron(人物性同異論)" which caused the most heated dispute in the late Chŏson Period supplied the theoretical background to those Confucianists like "Hwang Yun-sŏk(黃胤錫)", "Hong Tae-yong(洪大容)",etc. who accepted western astronomy. In addition to this, China origin theory of western astronomy written by Mae mun-jŏng(梅文鼎), a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, who studied the historical evidence, influenced Chosŏn, and also supplied a theory for Chosŏn to accept western astronomy. On the basis of the Chinese translation books of western learning, inmulsŏngtongron and China origin theory of western astronomy, western astronomy was introduced in the 18th century and spread very quickly, Cosmology was changed concretely accepting "Twelve folds Heaven(12重天)" theory and the "round earth" theory, afterward heliocentrism followed. In this paper I will study the influence of western astronomy by connecting with the change of Chosŏn Cosmology

In this paper I will look into the introduction and influence of the Sihŏn system and the change of the calendar followed with them. The introduction of the Sihŏn system during the Hyojong(孝宗) period caused the appearance of the long-term calendar like the "Chŏnse(千歲)" calendar during the reign of king Chŏngjo(正祖) through pathetically sincere efforts by the supervising officials in charge of reading the change of the universe. The officials in charge of the calendar system including KimSangbŏm(金尙范) studied the Sihŏn calendar, in the late Chosŏn Period. They completely understood the Sihŏn system and made great contribution to the completion of the calendar on the basis of the Sihŏn system. In spite of the change to the Sihŏn calendar, at the beginning, the resistance against using the Sihŏn calendar was strong. As the calendar system was not easily understood by the people and also some people still held the conservative idea about changing the calendar system, it was quite natural to find the disagreement about changing the calendar. This kind of disagreement arose the Sihŏn calendar was changed to solar calendar during the Korea empire period.

The calendar was made on the basis of the Sihŏn calendar after it was introduced into Chosŏn. At the end of Chosŏn period the almanac included Naeyongsamsŏ(內用三書), the Sihŏn calendar, the Chŏnse(千歲) calendar, the Paegjung(百中) calendar, the Chiljŏng(七政) calendar, etc. The style and contents in these calendar books are almost the same with the Taetong(大統) calendar, but the calculation of 24 divisions in a year on the basis of the Sihŏn calendar was different from the one on the basis of the calendar. Especially to compile a long-term calendar recording 24 divisions even for more than 100 years became realistic due to the acceptance of the Sihŏn calendar, during the period of Chŏngjo, the completion of the Chŏnse calendar in fact means the complete understanding and absorption of the Sihŏn calendar.

In the above, I have looked into the change of Cosmology and the calendar system which are connected with the influence of western astronomy. Even though the politics, society, and thoughts in the late Chosŏn Period, which was also the transition period to modern society, fell down, it was also a period to absorb all kinds of knowledge from the outside world together with the appearance of realism. I believe that the change of Cosmology and the calendar system following the introduction of western astronomy, the social change in the late Chosŏn Period, and the change of thoughts are connected organically with each other. These changes which are closely connected with the change in the views of the world contribute the appearance of realism. The change to the Sihŏn calendar in the late Chosŏn Period gradually caused the the Taetong calendar to be replaced with the the Sihŏn calendar, the acceptance of the Sihŏn calendar system became a stepping-stone for the coming introduction of western astronomy.