고려 홍삼이 대뇌 백질 미세구조 및 인지기능에 미치는 효과 : 침입 오류를 중심으로 = Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on White Matter Microstructure and Cognitive Functions : A Focus on Intrusion Errors

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Objectives Although ginseng has been reported to protect neuronal cells and improve various cognitive functions, relationship between ginseng supplementation and response inhibition, one of the important cognitive domains has not been explored. In addition, effects of ginseng on in vivo human brain have not been investigated using the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The purpose of the current study is to investigate changes in intrusion errors and white matter microstructure after Korean Red Ginseng supplementation using standardized neuropsychological tests and DTI. Methods Fifty-one healthy participants were randomly allocated to the Korean Red Ginseng (n = 26) or placebo (n = 25) groups for 8 weeks. The California Verbal Learning Test was used to assess the number of intrusion errors. Intelligence quotient (IQ) was measured with the Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were evaluated using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. The fractional anisotropy (FA) was measured from the brain DTI data. Results After the 8-week intervention, Korean Red Ginseng supplementation significantly reduced intrusion errors after adjusting age, sex, IQ, and baseline score of the intrusion errors (p for interaction = 0.005). Change in FA values in the left anterior corona radiata was greater in the Korean Red Ginseng group compared to the placebo group (t = 4.29, p = 0.04). Conclusions Korean Red Ginseng supplementation may be efficacious for improving response inhibition and white matter microstructure integrity in the prefrontal cortex.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Seghete KL, "White matter microstructure correlates of inhibition and task-switching in adolescents" 1527 : 15-28, 2013

2 Willcutt EG, "Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review" 57 : 1336-1346, 2005

3 Takeuchi H, "Training of working memory impacts structural connectivity" 30 : 3297-3303, 2010

4 Smith SM, "Tract-based spatial statistics: voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data" 31 : 1487-1505, 2006

5 Bjorklund DF, "The resources construct in cognitive development: Diverse sources of evidence and a theory of inefficient inhibition" 10 : 48-71, 1990

6 Minshew NJ, "The nature of brain dysfunction in autism:functional brain imaging studies" 23 : 124-130, 2010

7 Damrad-Frye R, "The experience of boredom: The role of the self-perception of attention" 57 : 315-320, 1989

8 Luna B, "The emergence of collaborative brain function:fMRI studies of the development of response inhibition" 1021 : 296-309, 2004

9 Sünram-Lea SI, "The effect of acute administration of 400 mg of Panax ginseng on cognitive performance and mood in healthy young volunteers" 3 : 65-74, 2005

10 Aron AR, "The cognitive neuroscience of response inhibition:relevance for genetic research in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" 57 : 1285-1292, 2005

11 Lee SC, "The central effects of red ginseng total saponin component" 19 : 22-26, 1995

12 Posner MI, "The attention system of the human brain" 13 : 25-42, 1990

13 Hamilton M, "The assessment of anxiety states by rating" 32 : 50-55, 1959

14 Huang KC, "The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs" CRC Press 1998

15 Delis DC, "The California Verbal Learning Test"

16 Paolo AM, "Test-retest stability of the California verbal learning test in older persons" 11 : 613-616, 1997

17 Niogi SN, "Structural dissociation of attentional control and memory in adults with and without mild traumatic brain injury" 131 (131): 3209-3221, 2008

18 Aron AR, "Stop-signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans" 6 : 115-116, 2003

19 Tang YY, "Short-term meditation induces white matter changes in the anterior cingulate" 107 : 15649-15652, 2010

20 Chamberlain SR, "Sahakian BJ. Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania" 163 : 1282-1284, 2006

21 Garavan H, "Right hemispheric dominance of inhibitory control: an event-related functional MRI study" 96 : 8301-8306, 1999

22 Oosterlaan J, "Response inhibition in AD/HD, CD, comorbid AD/HD + CD, anxious, and control children: a meta-analysis of studies with the stop task" 39 : 411-425, 1998

23 Xiao T, "Response inhibition impairment in high functioning autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence from near-infrared spectroscopy data" 7 : e46569-, 2012

24 Mostofsky SH, "Response inhibition and response selection:two sides of the same coin" 20 : 751-761, 2008

25 Pattyn N, "Psychophysiological investigation of vigilance decrement: boredom or cognitive fatigue?" 93 : 369-378, 2008

26 Niederhofer H, "Panax ginseng may improve some symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder" 6 : 22-27, 2009

27 Lee ST, "Panax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer disease" 22 : 222-226, 2008

28 Milad MR, "Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways" 16 : 43-51, 2012

29 Konishi S, "No-go dominant brain activity in human inferior prefrontal cortex revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging" 10 : 1209-1213, 1998

30 Menzies L, "Neurocognitive endophenotypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder" 130 (130): 3223-3236, 2007

31 King AV, "Microstructure of a three-way anatomical network predicts individual differences in response inhibition: a tractography study" 59 : 1949-1959, 2012

32 Challman TD, "Methylphenidate: its pharmacology and uses" 75 : 711-721, 2000

33 Aron AR, "Methylphenidate improves response inhibition in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" 54 : 1465-1468, 2003

34 Mollica RF, "Measuring trauma, measuring torture: instructions and guidance on the utilization of the Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma’s versions of The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) &The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ)"

35 Mori S, "MRI atlas of human white matter" Elsevier 2005

36 Swick D, "Left inferior frontal gyrus is critical for response inhibition" 9 : 102-, 2008

37 Yeom T, "K-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale"

38 Chambers CD, "Insights into the neural basis of response inhibition from cognitive and clinical neuroscience" 33 : 631-646, 2009

39 Niogi S, "Individual differences in distinct components of attention are linked to anatomical variations in distinct white matter tracts" 4 : 2-, 2010

40 Chamberlain SR, "Impaired cognitive flexibility and motor inhibition in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder" 164 : 335-338, 2007

41 Liu YW, "Ginsenoside Re attenuates diabetes-associated cognitive deficits in rats" 101 : 93-98, 2012

42 Ye R, "Ginsenoside Rd in experimental stroke: superior neuroprotective efficacy with a wide therapeutic window" 8 : 515-525, 2011

43 Bush G, "Functional neuroimaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review and suggested future directions" 57 : 1273-1284, 2005

44 Mahone EM, "Executive function in fluency and recall measures among children with Tourette syndrome or ADHD" 7 : 102-111, 2001

45 Kennedy D. O., "Effects of 8 weeks administration of Korean Panax ginseng extract on the mood and cognitive performance of healthy individuals" 고려인삼학회 31 (31): 34-43, 2007

46 Serrien DJ, "Dynamics of hemispheric specialization and integration in the context of motor control" 7 : 160-166, 2006

47 Kennedy DO, "Dose dependent changes in cognitive performance and mood following acute administration of Ginseng to healthy young volunteers" 4 : 295-310, 2001

48 Pavuluri MN, "Diffusion tensor imaging study of white matter fiber tracts in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" 65 : 586-593, 2009

49 van Ewijk H, "Diffusion tensor imaging in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder:a systematic review and meta-analysis" 36 : 1093-1106, 2012

50 Diler RS, "Differential anterior cingulate activity during response inhibition in depressed adolescents with bipolar and unipolar major depressive disorder" 23 : 10-19, 2014

51 Heatherton TF, "Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure" 15 : 132-139, 2011

52 Serrien DJ, "Cognitive control of response inhibition and switching: hemispheric lateralization and hand preference" 82 : 283-290, 2013

53 Barch DM, "CNTRICS final task selection: executive control" 35 : 115-135, 2009

54 Hernandez MT, "Attention, memory, and behavioral adjustment in children with frontal lobe epilepsy" 4 : 522-536, 2003

55 Chamberlain SR, "Atomoxetine modulates right inferior frontal activation during inhibitory control: a pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging study" 65 : 550-555, 2009

56 Swick D, "Are the neural correlates of stopping and not going identical? Quantitative meta-analysis of two response inhibition tasks" 56 : 1655-1665, 2011

57 Fornito A, "Anatomical abnormalities of the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia: bridging the gap between neuroimaging and neuropathology" 35 : 973-993, 2009

58 Heo JH, "An open-label trial of Korean red ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer’s disease" 15 : 865-868, 2008

59 Guo WB, "Altered white matter integrity in young adults with first-episode, treatment-naive, and treatment-responsive depression" 522 : 139-144, 2012

60 Wozniak JR, "Advances in white matter imaging: a review of in vivo magnetic resonance methodologies and their applicability to the study of development and aging" 30 : 762-774, 2006

61 Hamilton M, "A rating scale for depression" 23 : 56-62, 1960

62 Sørensen H, "A double-masked study of the effects of ginseng on cognitive functions" 57 : 959-968, 1996

63 D’Angelo L, "A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study on the effect of a standardized ginseng extract on psychomotor performance in healthy volunteers" 16 : 15-22, 1986