Algebraic semantics in language and philosophy

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = ⅸ
• Introduction = 1
• 1 The Logical Analysis of Plurals and Mass Terms : A Lattice-theoretical Approach = 11
• 1.1 Introduction = 11
• 1.2 The Logic of Plurals and Mass Terms (LPM) = 22
• 1.3 Applications to Montague Grammar = 29
• 2 Plural = 35
• 2.1 Introduction = 35
• 2.2 Types of Plural Constructions = 36
• 2.2.1 Indefinite Plural NPs : Bare Plurals (BP) = 37
• 2.2.2 Definite Plural NPs = 41
• 2.2.3 Universally Quantified PNPS : Quantifier Floating = 44
• 2.2.4 Numerals and Other Plural Quantifiers = 46
• 2.2.5 Partitive Constructions = 48
• 2.2.6 Coordinate Conjoined NP Structures = 49
• 2.2.7 Collective Nouns, Predicates, and Adverbs = 49
• 2.2.8 Distributive vs Collective Predication = 50
• 2.2.9 Relational Plural Sentences = 54
• 2.2.10 Reciprocal Constructions and respectively = 59
• 2.3 Ontology = 61
• 2.3.1 The Power Set Model : Collections : Mereology = 61
• 2.3.2 The Algebraically Structured Universe of Individual Sums and Groups = 66
• 2.4 Data Explained. Translation into Logical Form = 70
• 2.4.1 Indefinite PNPs = 70
• 2.4.2 Bare Plurals = 71
• 2.4.3 Definite PNPs = 71
• 2.4.4 all = 72
• 2.4.5 Partitive = 72
• 2.4.6 Conjoined NPs = 72
• 2.4.7 RP Sentences = 73
• 2.4.8 Reciprocals = 74
• 2.4.9 respectively = 74
• 2.5 Outlook and Special Problems = 75
• 3 Hydras. On the Logic of Relative Clause Constructions with Multiple Heads = 77
• 3.1 Introduction = 77
• 3.2 The Frame of Analysis = 79
• 3.3 Analysis of the Hydras (4) - (10) = 83
• 3.4 Conclusion = 88
• 4 Generalized Quantifiers and Plurals = 89
• 4.1 The Logic of Plurals, LP : Review of the Basic Ideas = 89
• 4.2 Lifting LP into the Generalized Quantifier Framework = 94
• 4.3 Plural Quantification = 97
• 4.4 The Treatment of Numerals = 101
• 4.5 Floated Quantifiers = 109
• 4.6 The Case of the German je = 113
• 5 Je drei $$\ddot A$$pfel three apples each : Quantification and the German je = 117
• 5.1 Different Uses of je = 118
• 5.2 The Distributional Domain = 119
• 5.3 The Distributive Share = 122
• 5.4 Accessability = 123
• 5.5 je vs jeweils : Events as Distributional Domain = 127
• 5.6 The Semantics of je Constructions = 129
• 6 First-Order Axioms for the Logic of Plurality = 133
• 6.1 The original LP arsenal and its use = 135
• 6.2 LP axioms = 138
• 6.2.1 The logical basis of free logic = 138
• 6.2.2 Proper axioms for LP = 141
• 6.2.3 Structuring the plural semilattice = 143
• 6.2.4 LØnning's system rephrased in LP = 153
• 6.3 Metatheory = 156
• 7 Ten Years of Research on Plurals-Where Do We Stand ? = 163
• 7.1 Introduction = 163
• 7.2 Current Areas of Research = 167
• 7.3 Groups and the Problem of Over-Representation = 172
• 7.4 Distributivity = 176
• 8 Algebraic Semantics for Natural Language : Some Philosophy, some Applications = 189
• 8.1 Introduction = 189
• 8.2 Algebraic Semantics in Logic = 191
• 8.3 Algebraic Semantics for Natural Language = 195
• 8.3.1 Plural lattices = 197
• 8.3.2 Mass Terms = 199
• 8.3.3 Events = 200
• 8.4 Some Applications to Plural Theory = 204
• 8.5 Ontology of Plurals = 208
• 8.6 Conclusion = 211
• 9 Quantity and Number = 213
• 9.1 Ontological Relativity = 213
• 9.2 Structural Relativity in the Notion of Number = 221
• 10 The French Revolution - a Philosophical Event ? = 231
• 10.1 Introduction = 231
• 10.2 The Structure of Events = 232
• 10.2.1 Events in Time and Space = 232
• 10.2.2 Roles = 237
• 10.2.3 The Structure of Complex Events = 240
• 10.3 Uniformities : Types of Events = 241
• 10.4 Algebraic Semantics for Events = 244
• 10.4.1 Modeling = 244
• 10.4.2 The Aether Model = 245
• 11 Algebraic Semantics of Event Structures = 251
• 11.1 Introduction : The Project of Algebraic Semantics = 251
• 11.2 The Model Structure = 257
• 11.3 Translation and Truth = 261
• 11.4 Examples = 264
• 12 The Ontology of Individuals and Events = 269
• 12.1 General Remarks = 269
• 12.2 Metaphysical Methodology = 273
• 12.3 Individuals = 277
• 12.3.1 Constitution = 279
• 12.3.2 Temporal Parts = 280
• 12.3.3 Processes = 284
• 12.3.4 The Notion of Individual = 287
• 12.4 Events = 294
• 12.4.1 The Classified Process View = 297
• 12.4.2 Formal Properties of Events = 301
• 12.4.3 Questions about Events = 305
• 13 The Philosophy of Plurality = 311
• 13.1 Introduction = 311
• 13.2 Ontological Commitment = 312
• 13.3 The Counting Fallacy = 318
• 13.4 Is There a Problem with Denotational Plural Semantics? = 321
• 13.5 Cross-linguistic Evidence = 326
• 14 Mereology, Second-Order Logic, and Set Theory = 331
• 14.1 Introduction = 331
• 14.2 A mereological interpretation of monadic second-order logic = 332
• 14.3 LP as a framework for mereological set theory = 344
• Appendix : A Chapter in Lattice Theory = 353
• 15.1 Ordering Relations : Preordered Sets ; Posets = 353
• 15.2 Semilattices : Lattices = 359
• 15.3 Boolean Lattices = 370
• 15.4 Plural Lattices = 375
• Bibliography = 383
• Subject Index = 417
• Name Index = 429