With the accelerating global paradigm shift towards carbon neutrality, floating structures have become essential technologies for utilizing vast resources in deep-water environments. These structures, including Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs),...
With the accelerating global paradigm shift towards carbon neutrality, floating structures have become essential technologies for utilizing vast resources in deep-water environments. These structures, including Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs), floating bridges, and offshore platforms, are subjected to complex environmental loads where aerodynamics and hydrodynamics are fully coupled. Therefore, accurately evaluating these coupled dynamic responses during the design phase is a prerequisite for ensuring system stability and fatigue life.
Conventional performance evaluation methods, such as numerical simulations and physical model testing, present distinct limitations. Numerical tools often rely on simplified aerodynamic models, struggling to predict unsteady phenomena, while physical model tests in wave basins face challenges in generating high-quality wind fields and cannot physically reproduce complex mooring dynamics in wind tunnels. Although Real-Time Hybrid Simulation (RTHS) has emerged as a powerful alternative, its successful implementation has been hindered by critical challenges, particularly actuation time delays and signal distortion caused by the moving experimental specimen.
To address these challenges, this study develops a robust 6-DOF RTHS framework for the precise aero-hydrodynamic evaluation of floating structures. The proposed system integrates a physical substructure (the upper structure located in a wind tunnel) with a numerical substructure (the floating body and mooring system). The numerical substructure is built upon Cummins equation and a lumped-mass mooring model to simulate nonlinear global behavior in real-time. To bridge the numerical and physical domains, a 6-DOF actuating system driven by electric linear motors was developed. To ensure high-fidelity testing, a Cartesian-space Adaptive Time Series (ATS) compensator and a Virtual Control Node (VCN) strategy were implemented to minimize time delays and dynamic coupling. Furthermore, a robust force identification strategy was established to isolate pure aerodynamic loads in real time by analytically compensating for the gravitational and inertial disturbances inherent to the load cell attached to the moving platform.
The validity of the developed framework was rigorously verified through a series of experimental tests using a floating offshore wind turbine model as a case study. The numerical model was validated against commercial software (OrcaFlex, Ansys AQWA). Proof-of-concept tests demonstrated that the proposed force compensation algorithm effectively eliminated inertia-induced period errors (NRMSE < 0.03%) and achieved high tracking accuracy under irregular wave conditions (NRMSE < 1.8%). Finally, wind-on tests successfully reproduced the coupled drift response induced by aerodynamic loads, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed RTHS framework as an effective tool for the performance evaluation of floating structures.