도박중독 유병률 메타분석: 진단척도, 표집방법, 면접방법, 동 서양 간 비교 = A Meta-Analysis of Gambling Addiction Prevalence: The Impacts of Cultures, Scales, and Survey Methods

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

There have been various inconsistencies in the concept of gambling addiction and the reported rates of gambling addiction prevalence. The present study was aimed to examine the inconsistencies of the rates across cultural backgrounds, scales, and survey methods, proposing characteristics, difficulties, and issues in the gambling addiction prevalence surveying. A meta-analysis was conducted on the 36 previous studies that reported 47 gambling addiction prevalence rates in Korea and other countries. The results first revealed that DSM-IV tended to report lower rates of gambling addiction than other scales based on DSM-III and CPGI. Second, the studies that employed probability sampling methods reported higher rates than those employing nonprobability sampling methods. Third, the studies using face-to-face surveys tended to report higher rates of gambling addiction than those using phone-surveys. Fourth, the rates of Asian cultures were higher than those of Western cultures. Finally, in the comparison between Korea and other countries, Koreans' rates of gambling addiction was equivalent with other Asian countries but higher than Western countries. The findings were discussed in the implications for the natures of gambling addiction and future studies of gambling addiction prevalence.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

도박중독은 개념적으로나 그 측정척도에 있어서 학자들 간의 불일치가 있어 왔고, 동시에 도박중독 유병률을 조사한 기존의 연구들은 서로 다른 결과를 보고해 왔다. 본 연구는 도박중독의 위험성과 그 본질적 문제를 이해하고 도박중독 유병률 조사의 특성과 준거를 제안하기 위해서, 기존의 연구들을 통합하여 메타분석함으로써 유병률에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요인들의 역할을 탐색하였다. 이를 위해 전국(도 단위 이상)규모의 일반인을 대상으로 조사된 도박중독 유병률을 보고한 36개의 연구에서 발표된 47개의 유병률 수치를 진단척도, 표집방법, 면접방법, 동서양 등에 따라 통합하여 비교분석하였다. 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 여타 도박중독 진단척도에 비해, DSM-Ⅳ에서는 유병률이 다소 낮게 보고되었다. 둘째, 비확률 표본추출방법을 사용한 연구들이 확률 표본추출방법을 사용한 연구들보다 유병률이 더 높았다. 셋째, 면대면 조사로 이루어진 연구들이 전화 조사로 이루어진 연구들보다 유병률이 더 높았다. 넷째, 동양이 서양보다 유병률이 더 높았다. 마지막으로, 한국의 도박중독 유병률은 평균적으로 다른 동양권 국가들과 비슷했지만, 서구보다는 높았다. 본 연구에서 밝혀진 연구결과를 바탕으로 도박중독 유병률의 의미와 향후 유병률 조사와 해석에서 고려할 점, 그리고 본 연구의 제한점들을 논의하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이경희, "한국판 캐나다 문제도박척도(CPGI)의 타당화를 위한 예비연구" 한국건강심리학회 14 (14): 667-675, 2009

2 김교헌, "한국사회의 병적 도박 유병률에 대한 연구: KNODS, KMAGS 및 KSOGS의 추정치 비교" 한국건강심리학회 10 (10): 227-242, 2005

3 김교헌, "한국 도박중독의 사회적 책임과 대처방안" 229-254, 2009

4 김교헌, "한국 도박중독 유병률 추정의 쟁점과 대책: 무엇을 어떤 도구로 어떻게 조사하나?" 한국건강심리학회 14 (14): 481-495, 2009

5 이인혜, "카지노유치지역 주민의 도박참여 실태와 삶의 만족도 : 강원 폐광지역을 중심으로" 한국사회문제심리학회 11 (11): 67-82, 2005

6 이영분, "충청 지역의 도박중독 실태와 가족관계에 대한 연구" 한국사회복지학회 54 : 177-201, 2003

7 김광주, "조사방법론 강의" 삼영사 2007

8 한성열, "전국민 대상 대규모 도박이용실태 조사 연구용역을 위한 사전조사 기획 연구" 한국마사회 2009

9 한성열, "전국민 대상 대규모 도박이용실태 조사" 한국마사회 2009

10 한국문화관광정책연구원, "세계 주요국가 사행산업 정책 사례 연구" 문화관광부 2006

11 최명선, "사회조사방법론" 교문사 2008

12 한국문화관광정책연구원, "사행산업 이용실태 조사분석 연구" 문화관광부 2006

13 사행산업통합감독위원회, "사행산업 이용실태 및 국민 인식 조사 결과 보고서" 사행산업통합감독위원회 2008

14 이학승, "사행 산업 종사자들에 있어 도박 중독에 대한 인식조사 및 병적도박, 알코올, 흡연, 우울증의 유병률" 10 (10): 29-43, 2006

15 김교헌, "병적 도박 선별을 위한 K-NODS의 신뢰도와 타당도" 한국건강심리학회 8 (8): 487-509, 2003

16 최삼욱, "도시 쉼터 남성 노숙자에서 병적 도박의 실태와 심리사회적 특성" 11 (11): 29-35, 2007

17 김교헌, "도박중독 척도 개발 및 발병률 조사" 한국마사회 2004

18 김교헌, "도박성 게임 이용자의 심리사회적 특성과 문제성 및 병적 도박의 예측요인" 한국건강심리학회 9 (9): 285-320, 2004

19 허태균, "도박문제행동의 발생과정에 관한 종횡단 연구" 강원랜드 2009

20 한성열, "도박 이용실태 및 도박중독 유병률 조사" 한국마사회 2008

21 Moritoshi, K., "The actual situation of pathological gambling in Japan" 129-149, 2010

22 Battersby, M. W., "The South Oaks gambling screen: A review with reference to Australian use" 18 (18): 257-271, 2004

23 Lesieur, H. R., "The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers" 144 (144): 1184-1188, 1987

24 Welte, J. W., "The Prevalence of Problem Gambling Among U.S. Adolescents and Young Adults: Results from a National Survey" 24 (24): 119-133, 2008

25 Ferris, J., "The Canadian problem gambling index: User manual" Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse 2001

26 Ferris, J., "The Canadian problem gambling index: Final report" Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse 2001

27 Abbott, M. W., "Taking the pulse on gambling and problem gambling in New Zealand: Phase one of the 1999 national prevalence survey" Department of Internal Affairs 2000

28 Raylu, N., "Role of culture in gambling and problem gambling" 23 : 1087-1114, 2003

29 Queensland Government, "Queensland household gambling survey 2003-04" Queensland Treasury 2006

30 Queensland Government, "Queensland household gambling survey 2001" Gambling Policy Directorate Office of the Government Statistician 2002

31 Grant, J. E., "Problem gambling and its treatment: Understanding social and personal responsibility" 83-166, 2009

32 Neal, P., "Problem gambling and harm: A national definition" South Australian Center for Economic Studies 2005

33 Wardman, D., "Problem and pathological gambling in North American aborginal populations: A review of the empirical literature" 17 (17): 81-100, 2001

34 Ladouceur, R., "Prevalence of pathological gambling in Quebec in 2002" 50 (50): 451-456, 2005

35 Stephanie, S., "Prevalence of adult problem and pathological gambling between 2000 and 2005: An update" 23 (23): 245-257, 2007

36 Wong, I. L., "Prevalence estimates of problem and pathological gambling in Hong Kong" 160 (160): 1353-1354, 2003

37 Bondolfi, G., "Prevalence estimates of pathological gambling in Switzerland" 101 : 473-475, 2000

38 Volberg, R. A., "Prevalence and risks of pathological gambling in Sweden" 104 (104): 250-256, 2001

39 National Gambling Impact Study Commission, "Pathological gambling: A critical review" National Academy Press 1999

40 Ministry of community development, youth and sports, "More than half of Singapore gambles: But only 2 in 100 at risk of gambling addiction" 18 : 2005

41 Wiebe, J. W., "Measuring gambling and problem gambling in Ontari" Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse and Responsible Gambling Council 2001

42 Molo Bettelini, C., "Il gioco patologico in Ticino: uno studio epidemiologico: An investigation into pathological gambling" Centro di documentazionee ricerca OSC 2000

43 Olason, T. D., "Iceland. in: Problem Gambling in Europe Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions" Springer 137-151, 2009

44 Hraba, J., "Gender, gambling and problem gambling" 12 (12): 83-101, 1996

45 Ellenbogen, S., "Gender differences among adolescents with gambling-related problems" 23 (23): 133-143, 2007

46 Welte, J. W., "Gambling participation in the US: Results from a national survey" 18 (18): 313-337, 2002

47 Ka-Chio Fong, D., "Gambling participation and prevalence estimates for pathological gambling in a Far-East gambling city: Macao" 9 : 15-28, 2005

48 Patton, D., "Gambling involvement and problem gambling in Manitoba" Addictions Foundation of Manitoba 2002

49 Vogel, R. J., "Gambling in Louisiana: 2002 Louisiana study of problem gambling" Nelson Mandela School of Public Policy, Southern University 2002

50 Lund, I., "Gambling and problem gambling in Norway: What part does the gambling machine play?" 14 (14): 1-17, 2006

51 Volberg, R. A., "Gambling and problem gambling in Nevada" Department of Human Resources 2002

52 Volberg, R. A., "Gambling and problem gambling in Arizona" Arizona Lottery 2003

53 Buth, S., "Gambling and gambling problems in Germany: Results of a national survey" 9 : 3-11, 2008

54 Wynne, J., H, "Gambling and Problem Gambling in Saskatchewan" Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse 2002

55 Marshall, K., "Fighting the odds. Perspectives, 75-001-XIE"

56 Gill, T., "Factors associated with gamblers: A population-based cross-sectional study of South Australian adults" 22 : 143-164, 2006

57 Schofield, G., "Epidemiological study of gambling in the non-metropolitan region of central Queensland Australia" 12 (12): 6-10, 2004

58 American Psychiatric Association, "DSM-ⅢR: Diagnostic and statistical maanual of mental disorders (3rd ed. revised)" APA 1987

59 American Psychiatric Association, "DSM-Ⅲ: Diagnostic and statistical maanual of mental disorders(3rd ed.)" APA 1980

60 Boardman, B., "Compulsive gambling in Kentucky" Legislative Research Commission 2003

61 Zitzow, D., "Comparative study of problematic gambling behaviors between American Indian and non-Indian adults in a northern plains reservation" 7 (7): 27-41, 1996

62 Gotestam, G., "Characteristics of gambling and problematic gambling in the Norwegian context: A DSM-IV-based telephone interview study" 28 (28): 189-197, 2003

63 Volberg, R. A., "Changes in gambling and problem gambling in Oregon, 1997 to 2000" Oregon Gambling Addiction Treatment Foundation 2001

64 Wardle, H., "British gambling prevalence survey 2007" NATCEN 2007

65 Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, "British columbia problem gambling prevalence study" British columbia 2003

66 Productivity Commission, "Australia’'s gambling industries" AusInfo 1999

67 Welte, J. W., "Alcohol and gambling among U.S. adults: Prevalence, demographic patterns and comorbidity" 62 (62): 706-712, 2001

68 Hartmann, D. J., "A survey of gambling behaviors in Michigan" The Evaluation Center in conjunction with the Kercher Center for Social Research 2001

69 Volberg, R. A., "A review of two measures of pathological gambling in the United States" 6 (6): 153-163, 1990

70 Stinchfield, R., "A review of screening and assessment instrument for problem and pathological gambling. in: Research and measurement issues in gambling studies" Elsevier 180-213, 2007

71 Volberg, R. A., "2006 California Problem Gambling Prevalence Survey" National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago 2006

72 Focal Research Consultants, "2001 survey of gambling and problem gambling in New Brunswick" Focal Research Consultants Ltd 2001

73 American Psychiatric Association, "1994). DSM-Ⅳ: Diagnostic and statistical maanual of mental disorders (4th ed.)" APA 1994