1 김병철, "헤밍웨이 문학의 연구" 을유문화사 1982
2 김병익, "영미작가론" 성균관대학교 출판부 1987
3 이기상, "실존철학" 서광사 1987
4 김욱동, "노인과 바다" 민음사 2012
5 Williams,Wirt, "The Tragic Art of Ernest Hemingway" Louisiana State University Press 1981
6 Hemingway, Ernest, "The Old Men and the Sea" Published by Arrow Books 2004
7 Graham,Kenneth, "The Old Man and the Sea" Sheck Wah Tong Printing Press Ltd 1980
8 Harada, Keiichi, "The Marlin and the Shark: A Note on The Old Man and the Sea, In Hemingway and His Critics: An International Anthology" Hill & Wang 270-, 1961
9 Mizener, Arthur, "The Lost Generation, In American Literature, 1910-1960" Hill & Wang 1962
10 Paolini, Pier Francesco, "The Hemingway of the Major Works, In Hemingway and His Critics: An International Anthology" Hill and Wang 135-, 1961
1 김병철, "헤밍웨이 문학의 연구" 을유문화사 1982
2 김병익, "영미작가론" 성균관대학교 출판부 1987
3 이기상, "실존철학" 서광사 1987
4 김욱동, "노인과 바다" 민음사 2012
5 Williams,Wirt, "The Tragic Art of Ernest Hemingway" Louisiana State University Press 1981
6 Hemingway, Ernest, "The Old Men and the Sea" Published by Arrow Books 2004
7 Graham,Kenneth, "The Old Man and the Sea" Sheck Wah Tong Printing Press Ltd 1980
8 Harada, Keiichi, "The Marlin and the Shark: A Note on The Old Man and the Sea, In Hemingway and His Critics: An International Anthology" Hill & Wang 270-, 1961
9 Mizener, Arthur, "The Lost Generation, In American Literature, 1910-1960" Hill & Wang 1962
10 Paolini, Pier Francesco, "The Hemingway of the Major Works, In Hemingway and His Critics: An International Anthology" Hill and Wang 135-, 1961
11 Spiller,Robert E, "The Cycle of American Literature" The Macmillan Company 1959
12 Scribner, Charles, "The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway," 2003
13 Waldmier, Joseph, "Hemingway’s Religion of Man, In Ernest Hemingway: Critiques of Four Major Novels" Charles Scribner’s Sons 144-147, 1962
14 Burhans, Cliton S. Jr, "Hemingway and His Critics, In Hemingway and His Critics" Hill and Wang 128-, 1962
15 Manser, Anthony, "Existentialism, In Dictionary of the History of Ideas" Charles Scriber’s Sons 1978
16 Cooper,Stanley, "Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea" Simon & Schuster 1965
17 Baker,Carlos, "Ernest Hemingway:The Writer as Artist" Princeton University Press 1963
18 Baker,Sheridan, "Ernest Hemingway:An Introduction and Interpretation" Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc 1967
19 Maurois, Andre, "Ernest Hemingway, In Hemingway and His Critics: An International Anthology" Hill and Wang 36-, 1961
20 Young,Philip, "Ernest Hemingway" Rinehart & Company, Inc. 1952
21 Donaldson,Scott, "By Force of Will:The Life and Art of Ernest Hemingway" Viking Press 1977